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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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achieved statuses |
positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part |
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ascribed status |
a position an individual either inherits at birth or received involuntarily later in life |
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background assumption |
a deeply embedded common understanding of how the world operates and of how people ought to act |
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biotech society |
a society whose economy increasingly centers on the application of genetics-human genetics for medicine, and plant and animal genetics for the production of food and materials |
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body language |
the ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others |
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division of labor |
the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties |
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dramaturgy |
an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life analyzed in terms of drama or the stage |
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ethnomethodology |
the study of how how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life |
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face-saving behavior |
techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour |
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Geimenschaft |
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness |
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Gesellschaft |
a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest |
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group |
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group |
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impression management |
people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them |
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macrosociology |
analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists |
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master status |
a status that cuts across the other statuses |
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mechanical solidarity |
Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks |
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microsociology |
analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists |
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organic solidarity |
Durkheim's term for the interdependence that result from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs |
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role |
the behaviors, obligations and privileges attached to a status |
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role conflict |
conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role |
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role performance |
the ways in which someone performs a role; showing a particular "style" or "personality" |
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role strain |
conflicts that someone feels within a role |
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social class |
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property (wealth( power and prestige, according to Marx, one of the groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor |
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social construction of reality |
use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real |
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social institution |
the organized, usual or standard ways by which society meets it basic needs |
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social structure |
the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behabior |
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status |
the position that someone occupies in social group |
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status inconsistency |
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and how on others; also called status discrepancy |
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status set |
all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies |
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stereotype |
an assumption of what people are like, whether true or false |
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teamwork |
the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly |
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Thomas theorem |
William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" |
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aggregate |
individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together |
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alienation |
Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor, caused by their being assigned repeititve tasks on small part of a product, which leads to a sens of powerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in the general sens of not feeling a part of something |
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authoritarian leader |
an individual who leads by giving orders |
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bureaucracy |
a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications and recods |
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category |
people who have similar characteristics |
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clique |
a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another |
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coalition |
the alignment of some members of a group against others |
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democratic leader |
an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus |
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dyad |
the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons |
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expressive leader |
an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader |
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goal displacement |
an organization replacing old goals with new ones; also known as goal replacement |
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group dynamics |
the ways in which individual affect groups and the way in which groups influence individuals |
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groupthink |
a narrowing of thought to by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct course of action, in which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty |
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in-groups |
groups toward which ones feels loyalty |
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instrumental leader |
an individual who tires to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader |
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laissez-faire leader |
an individual who leads by being highly permissive |
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leader |
somoeone who influences other people |
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leadership styles |
ways in which people express their leadership |
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out-groups |
groups toward which one feels antagonisms |
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Peter Principle |
a tongue in cheek observations that the members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work |
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primary group |
a group characterized by intimate-long term, face to face association and cooperation |
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secondary group |
compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity |
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self-fulfilling sterotype |
preconceived ideas of what someone is like that lead to the person behaving in ways that match the stereotype |
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small group |
a small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members |
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social network |
the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together |
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triad |
a group of three people |
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volunatry association |
a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest |
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capital punishment |
the death penalty |
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control theory |
the idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls-work against our tendencies to deviate |
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crime |
the violation of norms written into law |
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criminal justice system |
the sytem of police, courts and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime |
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cultured goals |
the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society |
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deviance |
the violations of norms (or rules or expectations) |
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differential association |
Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that htey will become deviant |
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genetic predisposition |
inborn tendencies |
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illegitimate opportunity structure |
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life |
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instituionalized means |
apporved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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labeling theory |
the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity |
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medicalization of deviance |
to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians |
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personality disorders |
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms |
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recidivism rate |
the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested |
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serial murder |
the killing of several victims in three or more separate events |
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social control |
a group's fomral and informal means of enforcing its norms |
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social order |
a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives |
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stigma |
blemishes that discredit a person's claim to a normal identity |
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strain theory |
Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializzes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success) but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal |
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treet crime |
crimes such as mugging, rape and burglary |
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techniques of neutralization |
ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect or neturalize society's norms |
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white collar crime |
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public official, securities violations, embezzlement, flase advertising and price fixing |
