Sociology Test 2

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NORMS

Back 1

defiinite principle or rules people are expected to observe; "dos" and "don'ts" of society

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DEVIANCE

Back 2

defined as nonconformity to a given set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society

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SANCTION

Back 3

any reaction from others to the behavior of an individual

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LAWS

Back 4

norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow

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CRIMES

Back 5

any type of behavior that breaks a law

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DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION

Back 6

an interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime (interactionist approach)

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LABELING THEORY

Back 7

suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others

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PRIMARY DEVIATION

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-Edwin Lemert

the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant, 1st act of transgression

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SECONDARY DEVIATION

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-Lemert

occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant an acts accordingly

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CONFLICT THEORY

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draws on Marxist thought; argues that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature

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NEW CRIMINOLOGY

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prominent in 1970s; regards deviance as deliberately chosen and often political in nature; criminologists say crime and deviance could only be understood in context of power and inequality within society.

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CONTROL THEORY

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crime occurs as a result of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and social or physical controls that deter it

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WHITE-COLLAR CRIME

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-Edwin Sutherland (1949)

-carried out by people in more affluent society

-tax fraud, antitrust violations, illegal sales, securities and land fraud, embezzlement, manufacture or sale of dangerous products, and illegal environment pollution

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CORPORATE CRIME

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-committed by large corps. in society

-pollution, product mislabeling, and violations of health and safety regulations

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ORGANIZED CRIME

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-forms of avtivity that have some of the characteristics of orthodox business but are illegal

-gambling, drugs, prostitutions, large scale theft, and protection rackets.

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CYBERCRIME

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Electronic $$ laundering, ID theft, electronic vandalism, and monitoring electronic correspondence

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SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Back 17

describe inequalities among individuals and groups within human societies; class, status, and power

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STRUCTURED INEQUALITIES

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built into the system, rather than resulting from individual differences or chance occurrences

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SLAVERY

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people are owned as property by others

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CASTE SYSTEM

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one's status is given for life

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ENDOGAMY

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marriage within one's socail group as required by custom or law

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CLASS

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a group that occupies similar economic position in the wider society

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KUZNETS CURVE

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a formula showing that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development, the declines, and eventually stabilizes at a relatively low level

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INCOME

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refers to wages and salaries earned from paid occupation, plus unearned money from investments

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LIFE CHANCES

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-Max Weber

oppurtunities you have for achieving economic prosperity

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WEALTH

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all assets individuals own:
cash, savings and checking accounts, stocks, bonds, real estate properties, etc.

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STATUS

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prestige that goes along with one's social position

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UPPER CLASS

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very wealthies Americans, earn more than $145,099; %5 of American households

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MIDDLE CLASS

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a catchfall for a diverse group of occupations, lifestyles, and people who earn stable and substantial incomes at white collar jobs

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WORKING CLASS

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20%; blue collar and pink collar; $17,970-$33,300; at least 2 people in house will have to work

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LOWER CLASS

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15% of Americans; work part-time or not at all; below $17,000/yr.

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UNDERCLASS

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lack access to world of work and mainstream patients of behavior "new urban poor"

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SOCIAL MOBILITY

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movement of individuals and groups between different class positions as a result of changes in occupation, wealth, or income

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INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY

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how far they move up or down the socioeconomic scale in the course of their working lives

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INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY

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where children are on the scale compared w/ their parents or grandparents; mobility across the generations.

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EXCHANGE MOBILITY

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an exchange of positions, such that more talented people in each generation move up the economic hierarchy, while the less talented move down

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STRUCTURAL MOBILITY

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upward mobility made possible by an expansion of better-paid occuptions at the expense of more poorly paid ones

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INDUSTRIALISM HYPOTHESIS

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societies become more open to movement between classes as they beome more technologically advanced

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ASCRIPTION

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placement in a particular social status based on characteristics such as family of origin, race, and gender

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VERTICAL MOBILITY

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movement along the socioeconomic scale

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SHORT-RANGE DOWNWARD MOBILITY

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occurs when an individual moves from 1 position in the class structure to another of nearly equal status

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RELATIVE POVERTY

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being poor as compared with the standards of living of the majority

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POVERTY LINE

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an income equal to 3 times the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet

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WORKING POOR

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people who work but whose earnings are not high enough to lift them above poverty

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FEMINAZATION OF POVERTY

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an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female

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CULTURE OF POVERTY

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the values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits, and traditions that are common among people living under conditions of material deprivation

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DEPENDENCY CULTURE

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-Charles Murray

poor people who rely on government welfare provision rather than entering the labor market

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SOCIAL EXCLUSION

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ways in which individuals may become cut off from involvement in the wider society

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HOMELESS

Back 49

very bottom of social hierarchy

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MEANS OF PRODUCTION

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means by which one gains a livelihood

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CAPITALISTS

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those who own the means of production

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SURPLUS VALUE

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source of profit

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PARIAH GROUPS

Back 53

negatively privileged status, subject to discrimination that prevents them from taking advantage of oppurtunities open to others

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CONTRADICTORY CLASS LOCATIONS

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-Erik Olin Wright

positions in the class structure, that share characteristics of the class positions both above and below them

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SOCIAL CLOSURE

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any process whereby groups try to maintain exclusive control over resources, limiting access to them

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NEWLY INUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES

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rapidly growing economies of the world, East Asia and Latin America

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MARKET ORIENTED THEORIES

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assume that the best possible economic consequences are free, uninhibited by any form of governmental constraint, to make their own economic decisions

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MODERNIZATION THEORY

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low-income societies can develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural alues that emphasize savings and productive investment

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NEOLIBERALISM

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argues that free market forces provide the only route to economic growth

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DEPENDENCY THEORIES

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argue that the poverty of low-income countries stems from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corps. that are based in wealthy countries

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COLONIALISM

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a political-economic system under which powerful countries establish rule over wekaer peoples or countries

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DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT

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poor countries can still develop econically, only in ways shaped by their reliance on the wealthier countries

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WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY

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world capitalist economic system is not merely a collection of independent countries engaged in diplomatic and economic relations with each other; bust must be understood as a single unit instead

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CORE-COUNTRIES

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most advanced industrial countries

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PERIPHERAL COUNTRIES

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low income, mostly agricultural countries that are often manipulated by core countries for their own economic advantage

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SEMIPERIPHERAL COUNTRIES

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semi-industrialized, middle-income countries that extract profits from the more peripheral countries and in turn yield profits to core countries

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GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAINS

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worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product

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STATE CENTERED THEORIES

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argue that appropriate government policies do not interfere with economic developmetn but rather can play a key role in bringing it about

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ETHNICITY

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refers to cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and tend to set people apart

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RACE

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a classification system that assigns individuals and groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical

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INSTITUTIONAL RACISM

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racism pervades all of society's structures in a systematic manner

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PREJUDICE

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opinions or attitudes held by members of one group toward anoher

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DISCRIMINATION

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actual behavior toward another group

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GENOCIDE

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the systematic, planned destruction of a political, racial, or cultural group

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ETHNIC CLEANSING

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creation of ethnically homogenous populations

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ASSIMILATION

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new immigrant groups would assume the attitudes and language of the dominant white community

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MELTING POT

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merging different cultures and outlooks by stirring them all together

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PLURALISM

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when ethnic cultures are given full validity to exist separately, yet participate in the larger society's economic and political life "salad bowl"

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MULTICULTURALISM

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ethnic groups exist separately and equally

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SEGREGATION

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a practice whereby racial and ethnic groups are kept physically separate by law, thereby maintaining the superior position of the dominant group

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GRAYING

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experiencing an increase in the proportion becoming elderly

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AGEISM

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prejudice and/or discrimination based on age and fueled by stereotype

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SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY

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a discipline concerned with the study of the social aspects of aging

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DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

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notion that it is functional for society to remove people from their traditional roles when they become elderly, thereby freeing up those roles for others

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ACTIVITY THEORY

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elderly people who are busy and engaged, leading fulfilling and productive lives, can be functional for society

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CONFLICT THEORY OF AGING

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emphasizes the ways in which the larger social structure helps to shape the oppurtunities available to the elderly