Sociology Test 2

Front 1

group that actively opposes the values and behavior patterns of the dominant culture

Back 1

counterculture

Front 2

principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture

Back 2

cultural relativism

Front 3

informal norm that is mildly punished when violated

Back 3

folkway

Front 4

culture in which heterosexuality is accepted as the normal, taken-for-granted mode of sexual expression

Back 4

heteronormative culture

Front 5

pattern of behavior within existing social institutions that is widely accepted in a society

Back 5

institutionalized norm

Front 6

individuals in whom sexual differentiation is either incomplete or ambiguous

Back 6

intersexuals

Front 7

artifacts of a society that represent adaptations to the social and physical environment

Back 7

material culture

Front 8

highly codified, formal, systematized norm that brings severe punishment when violated

Back 8

more

Front 9

knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shared by members of a society and that distinguish the society from others

Back 9

nonmaterial culture

Front 10

social response that punishes or other wise discourages violations of a social norm

Back 10

sanction

Front 11

belief that two biological sex categories, male and female, are permanent, universal, and mutually exclusive

Back 11

sexual dichotomy

Front 12

set of norms governing how one is supposed to behave and what one is entitled to when sick

Back 12

sick role

Front 13

values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture

Back 13

subculture

Front 14

people who identify with a different sex and sometimes undergo hormone treatment and surgery to change their sex

Back 14

transsexuals

Front 15

various individuals,groups, and organizations who influence the socialization process

Back 15

agents of socialization

Front 16

process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future

Back 16

anticipatory socialization

Front 17

culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than the group membership

Back 17

collectivist culture

Front 18

control of mating to ensure that "defective" genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed on to future generations

Back 18

eugenics

Front 19

stage in which the development of self during which a child acquires the ability to take the role of a group or community (the generalized other) and conform his or her behavior to broad, societal expectations.

Back 19

game stage

Front 20

psychological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness

Back 20

gender

Front 21

perspective of the larger society and its constituent values and attitudes

Back 21

generalized other

Front 22

essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity, and religion

Back 22

identity

Front 23

culture in which personal accomplishments are a more important component of one's self-concept that group membership

Back 23

individualist culture

Front 24

sense of who we are that is defined by incorporating the reflected appraisals of others

Back 24

looking-glass self

Front 25

stage in the development of self during which a child develops the ability to take a role but only from the perspective of one person at a time

Back 25

play stage

Front 26

behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person toward whom the action is directed

Back 26

reflexive behavior

Front 27

process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one

Back 27

resocialization

Front 28

ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in formulating one's own behavior

Back 28

role taking

Front 29

unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguishes one person from the next; the active source and passive object of behavior

Back 29

self

Front 30

biological maleness or femaleness

Back 30

sex

Front 31

process through which one learns how to act according to the rules and expectations of a particular culture

Back 31

socialization

Front 32

place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period and where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life

Back 32

total institution

Front 33

grouping of students into different curricular programs, or tracks, based on an assessment of their academic abilities

Back 33

tracking

Front 34

statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred

Back 34

account

Front 35

action taken to restore an identity that has been damaged

Back 35

aligning action

Front 36

area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior

Back 36

back stage

Front 37

gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity

Back 37

cooling out

Front 38

assertion designed to forestall any complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur

Back 38

disclaimer

Front 39

study of social interaction as theater, in which people ("actors") project images ("play roles") in front of others ("the audience")

Back 39

dramaturgy

Front 40

spontaneous feeling that is experienced when the identity someone is presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others

Back 40

embarrassment

Front 41

area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions

Back 41

front stage

Front 42

the process by which we define others based on observable cues such as age, ascribed status characteristics such as race and gender, individual attributes such as physical appearance, and verbal and nonverbal expression

Back 42

impression formation

Front 43

act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgements

Back 43

impression management

Front 44

set of individuals who cooperate in staging a performance that leads an audience to form an impression of one or all team members

Back 44

performance team

Front 45

deeply discrediting characteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior

Back 45

stigma

Front 46

marriage with in one's social group

Back 46

endogamy

Front 47

marriage outside one's social group

Back 47

exogamy

Front 48

family unit consisting of the parent-child nuclear family and other relatives, such as granparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

Back 48

extended family

Front 49

two or more persons including the householder, who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and who live together as one household

Back 49

family

Front 50

living arrangement composed of one or more people who occupy a housing unit

Back 50

household

Front 51

the practice of being married to only one person at a time

Back 51

monogamy

Front 52

living arrangement in which a married couple sets up residence separate from either spouse's family

Back 52

neolocal residence

Front 53

family unity consisting of at least one parent and one child

Back 53

nuclear family

Front 54

marriage of one person to more than one spouse at the same time

Back 54

polygamy

Front 55

approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad

Back 55

absolutism

Front 56

official definition of an act of deviance as a crime

Back 56

criminalization

Front 57

theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in deviant acts if they judge the costs of such an act to outweigh the benefits

Back 57

deterrence theory

Front 58

behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive

Back 58

deviance

Front 59

theory stating that deviance is the consequences of the application of rules, and sanctions to an offender; a deviant is an individual to whom the identity "deviant" has been successfully applied

Back 59

labeling theory

Front 60

definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it

Back 60

medicalization

Front 61

approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgements and ideas

Back 61

relativism