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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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deviance
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any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned because it departs from the norms and expectations of a group
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social control
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methods used to teach, persuade or force a group's members, and even nonmemberr, to comply with and not deviate from its norms and expectations
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sanctions
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reactions of approval or disapproval to other's behavior or appearance
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positive sanction
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an expression of approval and a reward for compliance
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negative sanction
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an expression of disapproval for noncompliance
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informal sanctions
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spontaneous, unofficial expressions of approval or disapproval that are not backed by the force of law
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formal sanction
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expressions of approval or disapproval backed by laws, rules or policies that specify the conditions under which people should be rewarded or punished and the procedures for allocating rewards and administering punishments
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structural strain
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any situation in which (1)the goals defined as valuable and legitimate for a society have unclear limits, (2)people are unsure whether the legitimate means that the society provides will allow them to achieve the goals, and (3)legitimate opportunities for reaching the goals remain closed to a significant protion of the population (eg. glass ceiling)
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conformity
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the acceptance of the cultural goals and the pursuit of those goals through legitimate means
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innovation
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the acceptance of cultural goals, but the rejection of the legitimate means to achieve them
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ritualism
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the rejection of cultural goals but a rigid adherence to the legitimate means of achieving them
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retreatism
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the rejection of both cultural goals and the means of achieving them
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social stratification
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the systematic process of categorizing and ranking people on a scale of social work, thus affecting their life chances
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life chances
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a critical set of potential social advantages, including the chance to stay alive during the first year of life and the chance to determine the quality of one's health care in the last years of life
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ascribed characteristics
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attributes people have at birth, develop over time, or possess through no effort or fault of their own
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achieved characteristics
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a status acquired through some combination of personal choice, effort and ability
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World Systems Theory of Global Stratification
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national economies are connected in a system where every country plays one of 3 roles: (core)wealthy, diversified, stable; (periphery)poor, few commodities, unstable; (semi-periphery)moderately wealthy, diversified, extreme inequality
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caste system
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a system of social stratification in which people are ranked on the basis of ascribed characteristics (over which they have no control)
eg. India, especially before WWII, and Apartheid in South Africa |
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class system
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a system of social stratification in which people are ranked on the bases of achieved characteristics,
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social mobility
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available in the class system, movement from one social class to another (upward, downward, vertical, intergenerational-over a few generations, intragenerational-within a generation)
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dimensions of class
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income, wealth, education occupation and lifestyle
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urban underclass
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the group of families and individuals in inner cities who live outside the mainstream of the american occupational system and who consequently represent the very bottom of the economic heirarchy
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race
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a vast collectivity of people more or less bound together by shared and selected history, ancestors, and physical features; these people are socialized to think of themselves as a distinct group, and they are regaded by others as such
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ethnicity
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people who share, believe they share, or are believed by others to share a national origin; common ancestry; a place of birth; distinctive concrete social traits (such as religious practices, style of dress, body adornments, or language); or socially important physical characteristics (such as skin color, hair texture or body structure)
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Current U.S. Classification System
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-check all that apply
-no "mixed-race" or "multi-racial" category -no classification for people of Arab or MIddle Eastern ancestry |
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voluntary minorities
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immigrants
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involuntary minorities
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brought by force (slaves, colonization, conquest)
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assimilation
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a process by which ethnic or racial distinctions between groups disappear because one group is absorbed into another group's culture or because two cultures blend to form a new cultural system
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absorption
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a process by which members of a minority group adapt to the ways of the dominant culture
-acculturation -structural assimilation(network, institutions) -marital assimilation -identification assimilation -attitude reception assimilation (no prejudice) -behavior reception assimilation (no discrimination) -value assimilation (no value conflicts) |
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melting pot assimilation
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Cultural blending in which groups accept many new behaviors and values from one another. The exchange produces a new cultural system, which is a blend of the previously separate systems
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multiculturalism
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idea of salad bowl, each group retains its own cultural characteristics, but live and function together in society
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prejudice
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a rigid and usually unfavorable judgment about an outgroup that does not change in the face of contradictory evidence and that applies to anyone who shares the distinguishing characteristics of the outgroup
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discrimination
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unequal treatment of individual or group on basis of attributes unrelated to merit, ability or past performance (behavior)
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individual
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overt discriminatory action by an individual to another individual (eg. refusing to serve some one
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institutional
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systematic discrimination through the regular operations of societal institutions
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