Sociology Socialization And Deviance

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material culture

Back 1

all things humans make or adapt from the raw stuff of nature

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nonmaterial culture

Back 2

made up of intangible things and those intangible vary from simple to complex

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symbol

Back 3

anything that represents something else-we react to them as if they were real

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three types of norms

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folkways, mores, taboos

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folkway

Back 5

casual norms-violation not taken very seriously

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mores

Back 6

reflect important rules such as unjustified assaults on another person

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taboos

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norms so deeply help even the thought upsets people

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negative sanction

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a type of response given when a norm is violated

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formal sanction

Back 9

official responses from specific organizations within society

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informal sanction

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responses coming from the individuals in social groups

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value

Back 11

general or abstract ideas about what is good and desirable, as opposed to what is bad and undesirable, in society

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What do American typically value?

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achievement and success, hard work, efficiency and practicality, science and rationality, progress, material comfort, equality, freedom, democracy, superiority of their own group

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belief

Back 13

people's ideas about what is real and what is not real

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institution to sociologists

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a set of ideas about the way a specific important social need ought to be addressed

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subculture

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groups of people within society whose shared values, norms, beliefs, or use of material culture sets them apart from other people in that society

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counterculture

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when members of a subculture hold values, share norms, or utilize material culture in ways that not only set them apart from the larger culture, but are perceived to threaten the parent culture

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idioculture

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the culture of a group within a society

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social status

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a position that a person occupies in a social structure

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achieved status

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positions in the social structure that individuals achieve for themselves

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ascribed status

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statuses in which individuals are placed in, generally at birth, and they cannot escape

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status symbol

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symbols that describe a person's status

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role

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the sum total of expectations about the behavior attached to a particular status

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role strain

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when the demands of a particular role are such that the incumbent is hard-pressed to meet them all

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status inconsistency

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when an individual comes to occupy multiple statuses that do not mesh with one another. generally involved a situation in which a person with a particular ascribed status achieves an inconsistent status

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role conflict

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when the actual demand of certain statuses roles can clash

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master status

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the main status that people see an individual as

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socialized

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how people are taught to be functioning members of social groups

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primary groups

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where people learn the rules of social life-gemeinschaft

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secondary groups

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a group in which your status is important, not your personal characteristics-gesellschaft

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formal organization

Back 30

when groups of people band together to achieve a specific goal and formalize relationships with each other

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ideal-type bureaucracy

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what is left when you strip away all the parts of an organization that are not necessary to it being a bureaucracy

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goal displacement

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when the process becomes more important than the outcome

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society

Back 33

the totality of people and social relations in a given geographic space

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self-sufficiency

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the defining characteristic of society

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examples of societal needs

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have continuing supply of new members, socialize new members, dial with members' sickness and health issues, select members for certain jobs and tasks, create knowledge, control its members, defend against its enemies, produce and exchange goods and services, promote social unity and the search for higher meanings

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institution

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an accepted and persistent constellation of statuses, roles, values, and norms that respond to important societal needs

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habitualization

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when an action becomes so routine that it may be performed again in the future in the same manner and with the same economical effort

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routines vs. institutions

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routine behavior-the way we do it
institutionalized behavior-the way it must be done

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socialization

Back 39

the process by which society molds its members into properly social beings

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social self

Back 40

values, beliefs, ideas, and decision-making strategies, and the general way in which people live their lives

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role-taking

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to take on the role of another and see how things look from his or her point of view

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agents of socialization

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family, schools, peers, and the workplace

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anticipatory socialization

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learning about and even playing at a work role before entering it

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total institution

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a place of residence and work where a large number of like-suited individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life

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conformity

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when people may continue to accept the goals of success and achievement and the means of hard work even when it isn't getting them anywhere

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innovation

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when a person accepts the goals of society, but rejects the means of which they obtain those goals

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ritualism

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when a person rejects the goals accepted by society, but accepts the means of which they obtain those goals

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retreatism

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when a person rejects both the goals accepted by society and the means by which they are obtained

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rebellion

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when someone rejects the goals and ways to obtain those goals commonly accepted by society, but substitutes new ones

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primary deviance

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any type of deviant action and for any reason

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secondary deviance

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when acts of deviance take place after the individual has been labeled as a deviant