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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
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What is the difference between societies characterized by mechanical solidarity and those characterized by organic solidarity? Highlight differences on at least 4 dimensions.
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In a society characterized by mechanical solidarity, solidarity of sameness is practiced. This means that social cohesion is based on sameness and strong systems. In opposition, in a society characterized by organic solidarity, solidarity of difference is practiced. This means that social cohesion is based on more individualism and social differentiation. Further in a society characterized by mechanical solidarity the collective consciousness embraces the greater part of the individuals’ consciousness, meaning shared beliefs and moral attitudes operate as a unifying force within society. In a society characterized by organic solidarity the collective conscious is not all encompassing and weaker systems on common beliefs are practiced. Moreover In a society characterized by mechanical solidarity there are high levels of integration and high levels of regulation, where as in a society characterized by organic solidarity, there is low integration and low regulation. In a society characterized by mechanical solidarity people have connections with each other but not with the outside world. In a society characterized by organic solidarity people have connections with different people, but all groups do not necessarily know each other. Mechanical solidarity is more primitive, and promotes social closure through homogeneity. The Army is an example of a society characterized by mechanical solidarity. Organic Solidarity is more modern and is practiced in heterogeneous societies.
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What type of society produces each of the four types of suicides Durkheim describes? Explain in terms of levels of “social integration” and “regulation.”
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Altruistic suicide occurs in societies characterized by mechanical solidarity. There is massive cohesion so there is high integration, and high regulation. There is not enough individuation and suicide becomes a moral duty. For example, suicide bombers practice altruistic suicide because they are highly integrated within their country and feel extreme nationalism. They also have beliefs that are very controlled, shared, and regulated by others.
Egoistic suicide occurs in societies characterized by organic solidarity. There is excessive individualism and detachment from society so there is low integration and low regulation. People feel a sense of uselessness and purposelessness because they are detached from society. For example, unmarried individuals are susceptible to egoistic suicide because they are not integrated or regulated because they lack a partner and feel excluded from the couples scene. Anomic suicide occurs in societies characterized by high integration and low regulation. These suicides emphasize normalness on unregulated integration, and status transitions. Individuals who are in two normatively distinct separate worlds are the most susceptible because they have high levels of integration but their groups differ. For example, a poor man who suddenly becomes rich does not know how to handle the money or the new world he has just entered. Fatalistic suicide occurs in societies characterized by low integration and high regulation. These suicides emphasize regulation in the context of social marginality. Those who occupy marginal or peripheral positions in a social group that is heavily regulated are susceptible to this type of suicide. For example, in the Columbine High School Massacre, the 2 boys who murdered kids were very bullied and did not feel connected. However, they were very regulated because they were expected to abide by the school rules. |
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According to Milgram, what three factors affected rates of obedience to authority?
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1. Legitimacy of authority figures
2. The social proximity, or closeness, of the learner to the teacher. 3. Group pressure |
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According to Mead, what are the four stages in the development of the self? At what point do individuals truly reach social maturity?
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1. Imitating: mimicking the behavior of others
2. Engaging in play: taking the role of significant others 3. engaging in games: taking the roles of many others 4. recognizing: the generalized other taking the roles of many others in any situation. At stage four, where we are able to take on the roles of many others in any situation did we truly reach maturity. Mead emphasized that only by social interaction can we shape and develop the Self. Through social interaction we slowly learn to take on the roles of others, and by taking on the roles we get a sense of where this person is coming from, getting feed backs, learn to read body language, and be able to put oneself in other’s shoe to understand and share feelings. By doing that, by interacting, you make sense of your self. |
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According to Goffman, in total institutions, what are the two stages in the resocialization process, and what do individuals in totalizing institutions do to resist the “new self” that is being imposed on them?
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Stage 1: Curtailment of self and role dispossession through the modification of self
. Initial “quarantine” from outside world . admissions procedures – leaving off – taking on . Process of contamination Stage 2: Personal Reorganization . Building a “new self” through the privilege system, a system of rewards and punishments. . House rules: a relatively explicit and formed set of prescriptions that lays out the main requirements of inmate conduct . A small number of clearly defined rewards and privileges are help out in exchange for obedience to staff in action and spirit . Punishment designed as a consequence of breaking the rules As a way of resisting, inmates will do secondary adjustments . They do not directly challenge staff but allows inmates to obtain forbidden satisfactions or to obtain permitted ones by forbidden means . They provide inmates with important evidence that he is still his own man, they he has some selfhood and personal autonomy beyond the grasp of the organization |
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What are the three ideal types of authority that Weber describes, and explain how they differ from each other? Give examples of each.
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The three types of authority that Weber talks about are legal rational, traditional, and charismatic. Legal rational is based on reason and rules. Its legitimacy is drawn from reason and abstract rules which are universalistic. Traditional regards primitive societies and relates to mechanical solidarity. People in a traditional authority are designated according to traditionally transmitted rules. Charismatic authority is a form of authority that is usually a transitional period. It is based on one person's capacity to lead other's to follow them. Its legitimacy is drawn from claims of extraordinary virtuosity.
Examples: Rational-Legal Authority- Judges, physicians, academics, police officers Traditional- family patriarch, the Pope, Kings and Queens. Charismatic- Obama, Fidel Castro, Jesus, Hitler |
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What are the four basic principles of stratification?
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1. The system of stratification individuals are born into has a great effect on their life chance
2. Stratification carries from one generation to next 3. Stratification is universal but variable 4. Stratification structure justified by beliefs |
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What are the three key components of stratification systems?
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1. Value: Certain goods are considered more valuable than others because of institutional processes (this refers to the the types of capital that a person can have)
2. Allocation: These valuable goods are attached to positions. Higher positions are given more valuable rewards. 3. Mobility: Individuals in a society can move up or down the stratification structure based on their varying levels of talent and ability. This results in an unequal control over goods and resources. |
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According to Davis & Moore, what functions do stratification systems serve? Why are stratification systems functional? How does Tumin counter? Specifically, what eight reasons does Tumin give to support his contention that stratification systems are dysfunctional?
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Function of stratification systems: they get the most functionally important positions filled by the best (trained or talented) individuals available
. they do this through motivation such as giving higher wages to people in those positions Stratification systems are dysfunctional because they... 1. limit the possibility of discovery of full range of talent 2. set limits upon possibility of expanding the productive resources of society 3. provide the elite with the political power necessary to procure acceptance of belief system that rationalizes the status quo. 4. distributes favorable self images unequally 5. encourages hostility, suspicion and distrust 6. distribute unequally the sense of significant membership in society 7. distribute loyalty unequally 8. distribute motivation unequally |
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Why do sociologists say that race is socially constructed? Give two reasons, but keep in mind that one of these reasons has three parts to it.
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. there is no biological basis for race or differences in people of different races - race is not fixed, concrete, or objective
. notions of race change over time . Its fluid and depends on circumstance or location |
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Describe the process of racialization.
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racialization- a categorization where real or imagined biological characteristics are given meanings that define presumed naturally occurring populations. The process of racialization in much like the creation of stereotypes.
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What is an audit study, and how does it determine discrimination?
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An audit study is a study conducted to measure discrimination in the workforce. It is conducted to distinguish differences between individual's race, age, or gender. You can see a perfect example of it in the audit study's conducted through the resume to distinguish race. It determines discrimination by letting oblivious employers choose a candidate and this determines their race.
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Explain the difference between “sex” and “gender”? Why do sociologists say that gender is a social construction?
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The main difference between sex and gender is that sex is a physical characteristic that defines whether you are male or female. Your sex can be determined through physical attributes such as your reproductive organ and others as well. Gender is a self-identified state of mind and is assumed by the individual according to their perception of themselves. Gender is a social construction because an individual's perception of his/her gender is influenced by social standards, therefore gender is influenced by society itself.
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What does Lorber mean when she says that gender means “sameness” and “difference”?
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Gender means difference for society, since society doesn’t care if they do the exact same thing. But when what they do is perceived as different then gender exists. Sameness means the social institution of gender depends on the production and maintenance of a limited number of gender statuses and of making the members of these statuses similar to each other. Example, we have to be instructed upon how to be masculine or feminine.
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What are the five explanations typically given for why motherhood negatively affects women’s wages? Elaborate on each. Drawing from the research of Correll and colleagues, what actually explains the motherhood penalty?
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1. Mothers lose job experience
2. Mother's trade off higher wages for “motherly friendly” jobs 3. Mother's are less productive at work because they're tired from taking care of the kids 4. Discrimination against mothers by employers 5. spurious correlation - A situation in which measures of two or more variables are statistically related (they cover) but are not in fact causally linked - lurking variable These necessarily do not explain the evident wage penalty rather they illustrate the type of discrimination that is being introduced and implemented within the workplaces. The employees and employers both create the wage gap due to their idea of a mother and it not being useful for the job at hand. The article explains that the true reassure why motherhood penalty exists is that the fact that what people consider being a mother contradicts what being a good employee. Thus, most in the workplace will agree and begin to discriminate against the mothers. |
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*?*Explain how the racialization process and the process of gendering are both dialectical processes.
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The processes of gendering and racialization are dialectical processes because in both, people are categorized by their biological features and are expected to act based on their stereotype.
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What are the two explanations typically given by previous researchers to explain dramatically rising rates of incarceration? According to Bruce Western, which of these explanations is supported by the data, and what do these data indicate?
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Two explanations for increased rates of incarceration are an increase in crime and changes in politics of crime policy. Bruce Western says that the latter explanation is supported by data. The data indicates that there is a significant increase in the use of imprisonment for those who are convicted of a crime, those who go to prison are now serving longer sentences, and there is a dramatic increase in the prosecution and incarceration of drug offenders.
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Compare and contrast approaches to preschools characterized by groupism, collectivism, and individualism.
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Japan – groupism
.high student/teacher ratios and large class sizes for more group involvment . Other children are encouraged to take responsibility for correcting misbehaving children; they are careful not to isolate misbehaving children China – collectivism . Constant order and structure so there is no time to be spoiled and lazy . Everyone does everything together, even going to the bathroom . It is made clear to children what is expected of them and they are corrected whenever they do wrong; also use “compare and appraise” technique . Play games like “doing a good dead for the collective” US – individualism . Low student to teacher ratios for ample opportunities to address children's individual needs . Kids are put into time out when behaving badly . Encourage to use words in disputes between fighting children . Show and Tell is held occasionally to broaden individuality . Provide variety and choice |
