Sociology Of The Family 2

Front 1

Three eras of sexuality and marriage
-Before 1890
-1890-1960
-1960-present

Back 1

-sex in marriage was only for procreation
-sexual attraction and romantic love acceptable AND important
-rationale for restricting sex to married couples weakened

Front 2

the impact of new methods of contraception

Back 2

-Separates sex as reproduction from sex as pleasure
-Extramarital sex

Front 3

sexual behavior: current trends

Back 3

-Decline of Double Standard
-Sexual monogamy (one partner) is still the norm
-Sexual gratification for both in marriage is encouraged and supported

Front 4

sexual identity: social constructionist perspective

Back 4

-Unclear boundaries from culture to culture is evidence of social construction of sexual identities
-Kinsey's study supports this

Front 5

sexual identity: integrative perspective

Back 5

-The belief that human sexual identities are determined by both social and biological factors
-twins studies supports this

Front 6

Queer theory

Back 6

-The view that sexual life is artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms

-Reflects the view that there are many biological influences on organization of sexuality

Front 7

Perception of homosexuality by the American Psychiatric Association before 1973

Back 7

Homosexual person was thought to be mentally ill

Front 8

Importance of having biological component to sexual identities (3)

Back 8

the states will have no choice but to allow for homosexual people to marry, as they will have no basis for the discrimination to continue
-homosexual couples will be allowed to adopt a child, no danger of turning it gay
-would be given same treatment as race, ethnicity, or sex (gender)

Front 9

“Family of Choice”

Back 9

-Formed through voluntary ties among those not biologically or legally related
-constructed for intimacy and care in homosexual relationships

Front 10

"LAT" relationship

Back 10

LAT (Living Apart Together) is defined as a couple that does not share a home.
-allows them to take care of dependents, like elderly or children

Front 11

Arranged Marriage

Back 11

-Found in agrarian and/or traditional societies
-Parents, family select marriage partners

Front 12

Courtly Love

Back 12

-Publicly visible process with social norms governing process to find a marriage partner
-Permission to date gained from females’ fathers

Front 13

Dating

Back 13

-People began leaving home and going out on “dates”
-Power shifted from men to women, adults to children

Front 14

Why cohabiters reject "downtown" marriage (3)

Back 14

-the cost of weddings is an obstacle to getting married
-think a marriage by a justice of the peace is not considered a “real wedding” or is a lesser form of marriage
- want the perfect wedding

Front 15

Cohabitiation- What is it and among who is it most common

Back 15

-The sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship
-more common among lower SES

Front 16

Three groups of Cohabiters

Back 16

-Alternate way of being single
-Testing ground for marriage
-An alternative to marriage

Front 17

Change necessary for many cohabiters to marry

Back 17

A positive financial change for a couple, in most cases, has to occur before marriage can be considered.

Front 18

Increased Cohabitation for older people- why?

Back 18

-Avoid loss of financial benefits (welfare, pension)
-Loss of a spouse to death or divorce and fear of losing another spouse

Front 19

Legal Cohabitation Agreement

Back 19

parties can decide about what to do with property upon separation, personal rights, obligation of either party, control of property, etc.

Front 20

Serial Cohabitation

Back 20

Like serial monogamy, living with person after person

Front 21

Low income women rejecting marriage (4)

Back 21

-Women want equality in a relationship
-Money buys “say so” in a relationship
-Economic independence is insurance against a bad marriage
-Women don’t want to live off husband in case divorce happens

Front 22

Transformation of Work and Family Roles

Back 22

Went from both husband and wife working, to just the husband providing for family, to now: both parents working or even single parents

Front 23

Stalled Revolution

Back 23

Wives have moved into labor force – husbands not yet adjusted, resulting in “Second Shift” of Employed Wives’

Front 24

Spillover

Back 24

(how work affects family)
Positive:
-Carryover of satisfaction and stimulation of work
Negative:
-Problems at home can hinder job performance
-Bringing home problems and stresses of work

Front 25

Role Overload

Back 25

-State of having too many roles with conflicting demands

-Balancing work and family may be more difficult because people are working longer hours

Front 26

Two-person career

Back 26

-Husband incorporates wife into his job
-her role- entertain business associates, charity involvement, attend to kids/home

Front 27

Factors affecting the rise in labor force participation for females (3)

Back 27

-Service Sector: Workers doing personal services. Increase in jobs caused need and opportunity for women in the workforce
-Long term decline in fertility: Fewer children, less need to stay home
-High divorce rate: Makes it “risky” to leave job market

Front 28

Authoritarian parenting

Back 28

low emotional support and coercive control

Front 29

Permissive Parenting

Back 29

some support with low or no control

Front 30

Authoritative parenting

Back 30

high levels of emotional support and inductive control

Front 31

Important aspects of parenting role

Back 31

-Emotional support:
Love, nurturance, and care
-Control:
Assistance toward autonomy
Guidance, discipline, and support

Front 32

socialization

Back 32

Parents teach human qualities (learning theory) and provide self image, teach norms and values

Front 33

Socialization and social class

Back 33

Lower income: Harder to provide for children
(Fewer clothes, Less food, Poor housing, Less prenatal care)
Can affect the way parents act toward each other and children

Front 34

Socialization and occupation

Back 34

-Working class highly supervised at work
More likely to focus on obedience and conformity - Authoritarian

-Middle class is less supervised at work
More likely to focus on independence and self-direction – Authoritative

Front 35

adoption

Back 35

Process that “allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood” to a new legal parent or parents

Front 36

Changing patterns of adoption

Back 36

-Single, white mother giving baby up is less likely: Leading to an increase in adoption outside U.S.
-Lesbian and gay couples adopting

Front 37

disadvantages of living in a single-parent family (3)

Back 37

-Low household income
-Poor children may be getting less supervision
-Wealthy children appear to have fewer “risks”

Front 38

Motherhood (3)

Back 38

-Not innate
-Based on traditional gender role stereotypes
-“middle-class ideology” emphasizes motherhood as women’s highest achievement

Front 39

Fatherhood

Back 39

-breadwinner and authority figure, basically leaving nurturing, caring and rearing to mother

Front 40

Fatherhood and Conservative Protestantism

Back 40

Paradoxical: The rhetoric of the religion calls for the wife to submit to the husband, but in reality the husband takes on a more egalitarian, family-man role

Front 41

Issue of who the "real parents" are in gay parenthood

Back 41

Gay parents have to use egg donors, sperm donors, surrogate mothers, or adopt, so the question of who the real parent is can become quite complicated.

Front 42

Why Might Gay Parenthood be More Akin to Motherhood than to Conventional Fatherhood?

Back 42

-One father must be the “mom” and care for the child while the other works.
-don’t have to succumb to gender type as much as heterosexual fathers so they can parent in ways more similar to women
-Gay men as a group fall closer in the spectrum towards females than straight men when measuring parenting desire

Front 43

Graying of America

Back 43

Elderly population increasingly older

Front 44

mortality decline

Back 44

-Aging in the population
-Active life expectancy goes up – number of years a person can expect to live with out disability

Front 45

decline in birth rates

Back 45

-Lowered fertility- number of births in a population

Front 46

Consequences of current fertility and mortality trends on kinship

Back 46

-decreasing horizontal kinship bonds (in same generation)
-increasing vertical kinship bonds (across generations)

Front 47

beanpole family

Back 47

-Family used to be represented by a pyramid with a large base, by 2030 it will be a rectangle.
-there are more family generations alive, but there are fewer members in each generation

Front 48

Living arrangements of the elderly

Back 48

-Myth: most aged persons end up institutionalized
-Surveys reveal that most elderly people prefer to live out their old age alone

Front 49

Cultural underpinnings (elderly)

Back 49

Independence deeply rooted in Western nations
Still want to head own household

Front 50

Intergenerational solidarity

Back 50

Characteristics of family relationships that knit generations together
-Affinity: How emotionally close parents and children feel
-Assistance: The amount of assistance in time, goods, or money that are provided

Front 51

Importance of geographical distance

Back 51

Can affect strength and vulnerability of grandparent-parent-grandchild relationship
When close, see each other regularly