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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are ethics?
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A system of moral principles, a way of deciding what is right and wrong.
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What is hedonism?
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The belief that the goal of human life is the pursuit of pleasure, avoidance of pain, and fulfillment of physical needs and desires.
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What is asceticism?
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An approach to life emphasizing discipline and impulse control.
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What is legalism?
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Following a moral law or set of principles.
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What is situationism?
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Based on human experience, and in matters of sexual morality, tends to focus on relationships rather than rules.
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What was the classical Greek philosophy?
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Violent passion must be avoided to achieve wisdom and cultivate virtue.
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What was pederasty and when was it prevalent?
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In classical greek philosophy; a sexual relationship between an older man and a younger one.
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What was sexuality in terms of Judaism's ethical traditions?
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Sex seen as a deep and intimate part of a relationship between two people. Hebrew scriptures see sexual behavior as an aspect of national and religious loyalty.
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What is a fertility cult?
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A form of nature-based religion.
Fertility of the soil is encouraged through various forms of ritual magic. Often includes ritual sexual intercourse. |
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What is dualism, and what religion is it a part of?
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Christianity; the idea that the body and spirit are unalterably separate and opposed to each other.
The goal of life is to become purely spiritual by transcending the physical and material side of life. |
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What did Jesus urge his followers to strive for in terms of ethical perfection?
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He spoke against pride, hypocrisy, injustice, and misuse of wealth but it is difficult to derive a sexual ethic from the Gospel alone.
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Who was St. Thomas Aquinas?
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The basic source of Catholic moral theology.
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Who were the Protestants?
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Renewed emphasis on individual conscious and ethical decision-making.
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What is puritanism?
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Emphasized in the doctrine of "original sin" and the "total depravity" of fallen humanity.
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How do many scholars see the absoluteness of scriptural norms?
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Conditioned by the time and culture in which they were written. Not necessarily binding today.
The religious community also has been influenced by the behavioral sciences. They suggest that sexuality is much more complex than had been thought. |
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What is humanism?
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A philosophical system which:
1. Denies a divine origin for morality 2. Holds that ethical judgements must be made on the basis of human experience and human reason |
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How do classical islam values see sexuality?
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Very positively.
Muhammad saw intercourse in marriage as the highest good in human life. Islam sanctions polygamy and concubinage. Sex outside marriage or concubinage viewed as sin. Islamic law encourages contraception. |
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How does Hinduism view sexuality?
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Varied approaches to sexuality.
The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana is a masterpiece of erotic hedonism. The ways of Dharma and Moksha can be as rigorously ascetic as anything in Christianity. |
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What does the word Therevada mean in terms of Buddist sexuality?
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Includes strict non indulgence of desires that bring joy.
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What does the word Mahayana mean in terms of Buddist sexuality?
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Ethics are more active and directed toward love of others.
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What does the word Tantric Buddhism mean in terms of Buddist sexuality?
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Teaches that sexual desire can be overcome while engaging in intercourse.
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What is moralism?
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There are clearly and objectively defined standards of right and wrong and a society has a right to insist that its members conform to them, at least outwardly.
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What is pluralism?
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Truth is to be discovered in the clash of differing opinions and convictions.
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What is fornication?
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Sex before marriage.
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What is adultery?
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Extramarital sex, sex by persons married to others.
Has always been regarded as a grave matter in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Many contemporary ethicists argue for a more humane approach to those involved. |
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How do Roman Catholics and Orthodox Jews see contraception?
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Oppose any "artificial" means of contraception.
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How do other Jews and most Protestants see contraception?
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Favor responsible family planning by married couples.
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How do ethicists see contraception?
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Most suggest that sexually active non-married persons should be using birth control.
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Where does Pro-life or antiabortion position come from?
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The Roman Catholic Church leadership.
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What are the two forms of the pro-choice position on abortion?
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Absolute - pregnancy is solely the concern of the woman.
Modified - suggests there may be situations in which abortion is the least bad choice. I.e. - Therapeutic abortion, termination of pregnancy when life or mental health of the woman is threatened or incases of trauma like incest or rape. |
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What is rejectionism?
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Regarding homosexuality, opposes any sexual acts between persons of the same gender.
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What is modified rejection or qualified acceptance?
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Regarding homosexuality, regards homosexual orientation as morally neutral but rejects homosexual acts.
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What does a revisionist view of the Bible argue about homosexuality?
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Favors full acceptance of lesbian and gay persons.
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What happened in 2003 with the Episcopal church?
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Approved the consecration of an openly gay priest as bishop.
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What are AIDS attitudes?
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Has raised a host of complex and difficult ethical issues for individuals, religious communities, and society as a whole.
Religious responses range from declaring AIDS to be God's punishment on sinners to actively organizing to minister to persons with AIDS. |
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What is a major challenge to ethicists today?
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The rapid development of technologies that raise new moral issues before the old ones have been resolved.
Issue of abortion is intensified by technological advances and will get more complicated in the future. |
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What new reproductive technologies enable people to conceive children outside of the "normal" process of sexual intercourse?
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Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization Embryo Transfer Surrogacy |
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What is somatic cell nuclear transfer?
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The technique for cloning. It involves substituting the genetic material from an adult's cell for the nuclear in an egg.
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What is therapeutic cloning?
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Creating tissues or cells that are genetically identically to those of a patient to treat a disease.
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What is "The Old Morality?"
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Tends to be ascetic and legalistic.
At it's worst, reduces ethical behavior to following a series of rules. |
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What is "The New Morality?"
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Tends towards hedonism.
Takes a situational approach. |
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What is "The Middle of the Road Approach?"
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Affirm the goodness of human sexuality, and insist that sexual behavior needs to be responsible.
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What is the definition of rape?
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Forced sex, sex without consent, having sex or some force of sex without wanting to.
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What is the legal definition of rape?
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Use of force or threat of force to have some form of sexual intercourse with another person.
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How many of rapes are men against women?
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94%
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How common is rape in the U.S.?
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One every six minutes.
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What were the factors Peggy Reeves Sanday found contributing to higher rates of rape in a society?
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1. God or gods understood as male
2. Aggressiveness encouraged as a part of masculinity 3. Women devalued 4. Extreme acting out of gender role expectations |
