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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
a. Career

-the sequence of events within a person’s work history
b. Career socialization
-is the process of learning norms, roles, and skills.
c. Occupational inheritance-
This can be the inheritance of financial or built capital, as when a child inherits a parent’s business. It can also be how the parent prepared the child with the same skills and knowledge the parent has.
d. Entry-port jobs
-offer possibility for training, greater responsibility, improved pay and benefits, and promotion.
e. Occupational mobility
-is the worker’s movement among jobs. The average American changes jobs three times during his or her career. Occupational mobility rates are dependent upon age.
f. Opportunity structure
-the kinds of jobs that are available, that set the limits for occupational mobility.
2. What are the stages of a career life cycle?
a. Stage 1-Career socialization, becoming oriented with norms, roles & skills.
b. Stage 2-Entering the work force, dead-end jobs, entry-port jobs, fringe benefits i.e. dental and vision insurance.
c. Stage 3-Occupational Mobility, most likely to change jobs at younger ages, avg. American changes jobs 3 times during their career.
3. What’s the difference between informal career socialization and formal career socialization?
a. Informal work socialization takes place in the home and typically by one’s parents. Occupational inheritance, the skills, capital or businesses a child receives from their parents.
b. Formal work socialization takes place by schools, union, government agencies, and workplace. School is a bridge between home and the more impersonal world of work. Besides the formal work curriculum, they provided a “hidden work curriculum” whereby students learn the importance of punctuality, orderliness, and learning and following rules.
4. Compare/contrast/give examples of “dead-end jobs” and “entry-port jobs.”
a. Dead-end job, little change of promotion, few skills required, rarely leads to promotion. Examples: telemarketer, gas station attendant.

b. Entry-port job, possible training, promotion, benefits, greater responsibility. Examples: target team leader, bank teller.
5. List at least six types of fringe benefits.
a. Vision Insurance
b. Medical Insurance
c. Dental Insurance
d. Life Insurance
e. Retirement Pension Program
f. Training/Education Opportunities
g. Profit Sharing
h. Stock Options
i. Free or Discounted Meals
j. Free or Discounted Merchandise
6. How is age related to occupational mobility?.
a. Individuals are most likely to change jobs between the ages of 16 and 34, after 34, job changing dramatically decreases
7. Compare and contrast intergenerational occupational mobility with intragenerational occupational mobility.
a. Intergenerational occupational mobility-when a child pursues a career different from his or her parents. Affected by abilities, interests and ambitions of the child as well as technology changes and changes in the economy.
b. Intragenerational occupational mobility-when an employee changes positions, jobs or careers.
8. How are opportunity structures created?
a. Opportunity structures are the jobs available. Individuals can change jobs based on what is available to them. Changing jobs will lead to upward or downward mobility, depending on the job market.
9. Compare the opportunity structures related to upward occupational mobility with those related to downward occupational mobility.
a. Upward occupational mobility-getting a more prestigious, better-paying job or gaining more responsibility. Caused by a positive shift in opportunity structure, more jobs requiring higher skill levels.
b. Downward mobility- is movement into less prestigious, less well paid, or less responsible positions. Caused by disability, formal demotion, layoff, or “bumping” of high-level workers to lower level jobs instead of laying them off
10. What concerns are related to the retirement stage of the career life cycle?
a. Mandatory retirement was outlawed in the 80’s except for pilots and air traffic controllers who must retire at age 60 and police & firemen who must retire at 57.
a. McDonaldization-
the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world.”
b. Velvet cage
-living comfortably in a world encircled by bureaucracy, craving bureaucracy’s growth and proliferation. Prefer a world uncluttered with choices and options.
c. Rubber cage
-Enjoying efficiency, speed, predictability, and impersonalization of bureaucratic systems and services. Being aware of costs and limitations of bureaucracy. Being able to escape from bureaucracy as needed to engage in nonrationalized activities.
d. Iron cage
-feeling there is no way to escape bureaucracy; feeling like it isn’t something you can do for the rest of your life.
e. Bureaucratization
-tendency to manage an organization by adding controls, adherence to rigid procedures and attention to detail
a. George Ritzer
-Ritzer’s idea of McDonaldization is an extension of Max Weber’s (1864–1920) classical theory of the rationalization of modern society and culture. Uses the term Mcdonaldization to modernize Weber’s Iron Cage idea.
b. Max Weber
-German political economist and sociologist; considered the founder of the modern study of sociology and public administration. Very concerned over the industrial revolution and its impact on society
a. Alienation
-refers to the separation of things that naturally belong together, or to put antagonism between things that are properly in harmony.
b. Job satisfaction
-nature of job tasks, autonomy to control own work, complexity & diversity of tasks, technology, organizational structure & policies, participation, belongingness & expectations and individual differences such as age, race & gender.
c. Intrinsic rewards
-Freedom to plan one’s own work. The chance to use one’s abilities. The absence of close supervision. Opportunity for achievement and advancement. Challenges and responsibilities. Positive relations with co-workers.
d. Extrinsic rewards
-Pay, fringe benefits and job security
a. Karl Marx
-Marx observed that as the world of material goods increased, the value placed on individuals diminished
b. Melvin Seeman
-found that workers experience alienation in several ways
d. Frederick Herzberg
-Two-factor theory of job satisfaction, hygiene and motivating factors.
e. Robert Blauner
-theory of technology and alienation.
3. List four ways Karl Marx believed work in a capitalistic society resulted in alienation.
a. Marx believes workers are alienated under capitalism, alienated from the products created, alienated from the process, alienated from creative thinking and alienation from others.
4. List five ways Melvin Seeman believed that workers experienced alienation.
a. Powerlessness
b. Self-estrangement
c. Meaninglessness
d. Isolation
e. Normlessness
5. List and describe Abraham Maslow’s five levels of needs. How do these needs related to job satisfaction?
a. Self-actualization needs to develop one’s fullest potential.
b. Esteem needs for recognition, attention, and appreciation.
c. Belongingness needs for acceptance and friendship.
d. Safety needs for secure physical and emotional environment.
e. Physiological needs for things like food and sex.
6. According to Frederick Herzberg, what two factors are related to job satisfaction?
a. Hygiene factors – must remove or neutralize negative conditions to avoid alienation; but this is not sufficient for satisfaction.
b. Motivating factors – autonomy, challenge, recognition, and opportunity to develop new skills.
Which factors are “satisfiers” and which are “dissatisfiers?”
a. I would assume satisfiers are things people like about their job and dissatisfiers are things that upset people regarding their job
8. How do Maslow’s five needs correspond to Herzberg’s two factors?
a. Hygiene factors are somewhat like belonginess needs.
b. Motivating factors are somewhat like esteem needs.
9. How does the nature of one’s job task relate to job satisfaction?
a. More complex and diverse tasks will give the employee higher satisfaction.
10. How is one’s occupation and the technology one uses in that occupation related to job satisfaction? (HINT: recall Blauner’s theory of technology and alienation.)
a. Machine and assembly line jobs have high levels of technology, high levels of alienation and low levels of satisfaction
11. What organizational structures and policies promote job satisfaction?
a. Pay: a living wage is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for satisfaction.
b. Size: workers prefer small corporations to avoid powerlessness and isolation.
c. Promotion policies: opportunities for promotions.
d. Dignity and respect:
12. How are expectations related to job satisfaction?
a. Education increases expectations.
b. Autonomy students experienced in college may not translate to their job.
13. How is age related to expectations?
a. Lower satisfaction than older workers because of higher job expectations
14. Compare and contrast intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. How do these relate to job satisfaction?
a. Intrinsic-how happy you feel at your job (non-measurable)
b. Extrinsic-the pay and benefits you receive (measurable)
a. Income squeeze
-the amount of money an individual or family earns & the amount of money they spend. May need multiple incomes to make ends meet.
b. Time value of money
-The idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity. This core principle of finance holds that, provided money can earn interest, any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received.
3. How is median family income related to one’s age?
a. Income is highest between the age of 50-54.
6. Describe at least four ways families have attempted to handle the income squeeze. What are the challenges/problems related to each?
a. Multiple-incomes-Negative, making your children work?
b. Increase the number of jobs (“moonlighting”) and/or increase the number of hours at the job. Negative-not enough time at home with the family.
c. Borrow against the equity they’ve built up in their homes. Negative-end up owing the bank more than your home is worth.
d. Increase credit card debt. Negative- credit cards have very high interest rates.
10. How does a house purchase compare with paying rent?
a. Renting is generally a bit cheaper. But you have costs associated with moving into a new apartment every few years. If you rent apartments your entire life, you won’t end up owning anything’s.
b. Monthly rent median: $819 (ND lowest at $532/month) Mortgage payment $1191/month (5% for 30 years) + $350/month of insurance and taxes
a. Emile Durkheim-
Mechanical solidarity = society held together as members perform much the same roles and therefore share similar values; solidarity based on similarity.

Organic solidarity = members play highly specialized roles and therefore are dependent on one another; solidarity based on interdependence.
a. Contingency Paradigm-
there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation
b. Resource Dependence Paradigm
-the study of how the external resources of organizations affect the behavior of the organization.
c. Transaction Cost Paradigm
-is a cost incurred in making an economic exchange
d. Institutional Paradigm
-emphasizes the effects of widespread social definitions of how orgs ought to look at ought to operate, these sorts of normative forces are referred to as the institutional environment.
e. Organizational Ecology Paradigm
-underscores the boundedness of decision processes in orgs
i. Buffering
refers to arrangements that allow an org to absorb the effects of changes in resources flows, without necessarily trying to shape the flows directly.
ii. Smoothing
strategies entail practices that are designed to reduce variability in resources flows directly, rather than simply adapting to such variations, as in buffering.
1. What are the stages of a career life cycle?
a. Stage 1-Career socialization, becoming oriented with norms, roles & skills.
b. Stage 2-Entering the work force, dead-end jobs, entry-port jobs, fringe benefits i.e. dental and vision insurance.
c. Stage 3-Occupational Mobility, most likely to change jobs at younger ages, avg. American changes jobs 3 times during their career.
d. Stage 4-Retirement. Mandatory retirement was outlawed in the 80's, except for 2 groups. Pilots and air traffic controllers must retire at age 60, police and firemen must retire at 57.