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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did E.J. Graff (2004) note regarding the state of marriages in a historical context? |
- Marriage is ever-changing status based on economic and social needs - In earlier historical periods, marriage viewed as a contractual transaction and a business relationship - Historically based on money for family unit (e.g. income, property acquisition, farms, dowries, status) |
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What occurred after industrial/post-industrial capitalism regarding the conception of marriage? |
- Less emphasis was placed on money/property and an increase placed on psychological relations (importance of feelings) - Economic interdependence remained |
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Who does "coupledom" regulation include? |
- Local communities and state - Acceptable norms regarding who is and who is not married changed vastly E.g. declaring before God to signing legal document ion |
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What did E.J. Graff say marriage was a marker for? |
Marriage was a marker for the court system to assume that your relationship was to be respected following your death |
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Discuss common law relationships and their history |
- Increase in common law relations/cohabiting vs. legally marrying - More legal/social ramifications for marriage vs. common law (e.g. hospitals, employers, cemeteries) - No assumption assets are to be divided equally upon seperation |
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What is a "sexual other"? |
- Refers to sexual identities, non-heterosexual relations, and are markedly different/marginal in our society - Sexual "others" not identified by who they are (e.g. student) but what they do (e.g. sexual acts) |
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What does Lauren Berlant (1997) claim regarding identity? |
Claims identity is marketed in national capitalism as a property - a thing you can purchase, a relation to or something you already own that you can express (E.g. my masculinity) Questions why the necessity for a national sexualiy of heterosexuality that oppresses non-normative populations |
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What is heterosexual normatively? |
- In relation to a national sexuality of heterosexuality; a heterosexual sexual identity as the norm of contemporary Canadian society - Expressed in media/public sphere often e.g. soldier kissing opposite sex partner or politician posing with opposite sex partner in photos - Non-hetero images threaten hetero-identity - Private sexual identities are of a public matter |
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What occurred in 1981 with sexual minorities? |
- "Canada's Stonewall" - Sexual minorities confronted police as they raided bathhouses in Toronto - 300 people arrested |
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What was Bill C-38? |
- The 2005 Civil Marriages Act |
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What was the history regarding the Bill C-38 being passed? |
- The passing of the bill was threatened by the Liberals misappropriation of gov't funds - referred to as the "Gomery Inquiry", threatened a vote of no confidence - Conservatives moved to attack Liberals movement of legalizing same-sex marriages by supporting heteronationalism - Backlash from NDP & public as Liberals moved away from Bill C-38 |
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Who supported Bill C-38 and aided in it finally passing? |
- Prime Minister Paul Martin and New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton joined together to barter their political power behind bill - Multi-Faith Coalition supported same-sex rights and include liberals and traditional faith communities across Canada - As social issues arose that generates a threat to moral fabric of society, religion often became vocal gateway |
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What were the 3 common themes expressed in testimonials for legalizing same-sex marriage? |
1) Immigration - bring non-canadian partners over 2) Full Citizen Participation - same sex relationships/families legally acknowledged in way that heterosexuals are 3) Social Legitimacy - in eyes of family members, friends, colleagues |
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What does Biddy Martin (1994) note regarding queer individuals? |
- Ordinary people and we must stray away from claiming it as an "alternative lifestyle" |
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What did "the Michaels" say regarding their marriage? |
- "The Michaels" first to marry in Canada - Said there was an infantilizing notion when being compelled to request permission for a right that should have been automatically given |
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What do Bell and Bernie (2000) say about same-sex marriage? |
- Capable of undermining the most solid of social structures |
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What does Evan Wolfsh (1996) say about marriage? |
Unless marriage is abolished and countered with a single system which allows access to everyone, an ideological/moral distinction will remain to value some relationships over others |
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What does Nan Hunter say about same-sex marriages? |
Claims sae-sex marriage could transform marriage on an institutional level and destabilize gendered structure of marriage |
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What is to be said about human rights claims? |
Serve to simultaneously include some and exclude others - cannot be relied on to fundamentally shift hetero-normativity |
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Who are the most threatened non-hetero groups? |
- Marginal sexual minorities (e.g. people of colour, trans, disabled) or intersectional sexual minorities are the most marginalized in the "sexual others" distinction - Homosexual minorities who can be viewed as closer to hetero-normative centre (assimilate to heterosexual married couple) receive greater social acceptance |
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Where does the problem lie according to Brenda Crossman (1996)? |
In legal and political system that demands people either fit into a presumed heterosexual unit or be excluded from benefits of family unit
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What is the distinction Martha Fineman and Carol Smart argue should be in place? |
Argue families should be based on caregiving units between inevitable dependents and caregivers |
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Nancy Polikoff's family unit suggestion |
Includes abandoning compulsory family unit and replacing it with economic units based on conjugal relations |
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Why are same-sex lesbian couples at a greater risk? |
Additional disadvantage economically due to typically lower wages than heterosexual comparisons - class biases involved in marriages |
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What were Suzanne Lenon's comments regarding same-sex intersectional relations? |
Historically, society never valued black relationships and that same-sex marriages will accrue to white/upper class individuals |
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How many respondents support same-sex marriage? |
3 in 5 respondents support same-sex marriage (59%) |
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What are structural factors? |
Age, Race, Class, Education |
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Homogamy |
Choosing a partner similar to yourself structurally (e.g. homogeneous or the same) - Similar in age, religion, SES, race |
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Endogamy |
- Specifically marrying within one's social group - Propinquity (geographical closeness) E.g. middle class hang in same groups, kids are in the same schools, same SES - will place you in same areas |
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"Closed Field Encounter" |
- Partners forced to interact due to environmental restraints - However, geographical boundaries are weakened on the internet |
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What is the typical age difference within Canadian marriages? |
- 1.4 years difference - 1.1 million senior couples 49% age difference of 3 years or less |
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What is the percentage of mixed unions? |
- Under 5% - Norm to stick with same ethnic group |
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What is likely of mixed unions? |
- Young - Live in urban/large metropolitan areas; outside metro 1%, inside metro 6% - 4.6% vs. 2.6% in 1991 - Norm is two people born in different countries - Primarily occurs in adjacent education levels |
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What are the similarities in education in unions? |
- Pair up with those with a similar level of education; if not, it tends to be adjacent (E.g. high school degree with a masters degree is highly unlikely) - Educational homogamy more common among married women than common-law women - 1971, only 42% of couples had same level of education (more common modern day) |
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What are the similarities of religion in unions? |
- 1920s, Protestants 47x more likely to marry protestant than Catholic (today 4x) - Inter-religious 19% of couples, vast majority have partners from same religion - Immigrants less likely to enter mixed unions - Religiously homogenous |
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"Striking a Fair Exchange" |
- Tend to marry others whose social currency matches yours - Similar physical attraction, SES, similar backgrounds (relatable) - "Exchange value" concerned with matching (e.g. levels of attraction) |
