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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Applied Sociology
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Sociology used to solve problems
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Basic/Pure Sociology
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Analyze society and publish findings, that's it
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Sociological Perspective/ (Mills)
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Stresses social contexts in which people live, how societies influence lives, linking individual experience with social institutions and one's place in history
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Positivism
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Comte, Apply scientific method to social world, created sociology
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Unobtrusive
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Observe behavior without their knowledge
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Conflict Theory
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Society composed of groups competing with each other for resources, class conflict
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Symbolic Interactionism
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How people interact with each other, use symbols to do so
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Functional Theory
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Society is whole unit made up of interrelated parts, working together
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Class Conflict
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Marx, class conflict between capitalists and workers
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Social Darwinism
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Spencer - second founder of sociology, Survival of the fittest, nobody should intervene with evolution of society
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Cultural Lag
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Society is unable to keep up with the rapid pace of technological change, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this
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Cultural Diffusion
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The process by which a cultural trait, material object, idea, or behavior pattern is spread from one society to another
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Subculutre
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World within larger world of dominant culture, similar values as dominant culture
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Counter Culture
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Group's values out them at odds with dominant culture
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Cultural Relativism
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Trying to understand a culture on it's own terms
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Culture Shock
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Experiencing a new culture different than yours
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Ethnocentrism
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Tendency to use our own groups ways of doing things as a yardstick for judging others
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Norms
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Rules of behavior
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Folkways
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Norms that aren't strictly enforced (passing on right side)
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Mores
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Norms that are taken more seriously (killing)
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Taboos
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Norm that is looked upon as unbelievable grotesque (incest)
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Sanctions
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Positive - Reactions people get for following norms
Negative - Reactions people get for breaking norms |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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Language determines our consciousness and perception of objects/events
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Values
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Ideas of what is desirable in life
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Value cluster
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Values clustered together around an idea
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Agents of socialization
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People that influence self-concept, emotions, attitudes, behavior (Family, neighborhood, religion, school, workplace, peer groups)
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Resocialization
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Learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match a new life
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"I" and "Me"
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I - self as subject, active, creative part of self
Me - Self as object, attitudes we internalize from interactions with others |
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Id
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Inborn drive, look for gratification no matter what
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Ego
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Balancing Force between two
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Superego
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Conscience, culture within us
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Looking Glass Self
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Cooley, Lifelong process by which our sense of self develops
- We imagine how we appear to others - We interpret their reactions - We develop self-concept |
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Play Stages (Mead)
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Imitation (Under 3)
Play (3-6) Games (School) |
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Total Institution
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Place in which people are cut off from society
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Generalized Other/Take the Role of the Other
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Put self in other's shoes to understand how other feels. Children do this during "play"
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Macro Scoiology
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Examine large scale patterns of society
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Micro Sociology
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Examine social interaction
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Ethnomethodology
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Study of how people use common sense to understand life
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Gemeinshaft
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Intimate community
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Gesellshaft
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Impersonal associations, no intamcy
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Mechanical Solidarity (Durkheim)
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People who perform similar tasks develop shared consciousness
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Organic Solidarity (Durkheim)
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People perform different tasks but rely on each other
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Pastoral/Horticulutral Society
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Pasturing animals, gardening, 1st social reovlution
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Industrial Revolution
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Struggle between classes evolves, 3rd social revolution
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Bioeconomic Society
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Alternative genetic structures, 5th social revolution, current
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Status
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Position someone occupies
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Master status
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Unchangeable (boy/girl)
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Achieved Status
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Voluntary status, earn/accomplish
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Ascribed status
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Involuntary, inherit
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Status Inconsistency
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Contradictions/Mismatching statuses
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Status Symbols
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Signs that identify their status
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Role
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Behaviors, obligations, privileges that are attached to status, lay out what is expected of people
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Role Strain
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Same status contains incompatible roles
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Role Conflict
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What's expected in one status conflicts with another status
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Impression Management
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Efforts to manage impressions that others receive
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Face-Saving Behavior
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Ignoring/Giving excuses for something, allowing performances to go on, to save your "rep"
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Dramaturgy
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Goffman, Social life is like a drama/play
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Front Stage/Back Stage
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What you do in public/behind the scenes
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Social Construction of Reality
Thomas Theorem |
Theorem - Definition of the Situation
We learn ways of interpreting experiences and define reality |
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Group
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Think of themselves as belonging together
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Aggregate
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Individuals who temporarily share same physical space but don't belong together
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Clique
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Clusters within a group
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Primary Group
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Intimate, face-to-face interaction, essential to emotional well being
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Voluntary Association
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Voluntary organizations for mutual interest
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Goal Displacement
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After organization achieves it's goal and no longer has reason to continue, it does anyways
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Iron Law of Oligarchy
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How organizations come to be dominated by self-perpetuating elite
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Bureaucracy
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Clear levels, division of labor, written rules, written communications, impersonality and replaceablity
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Alienation
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Workers feel like objects and not people
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Corporate Culture
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Contains hidden values that create self-fulfilling prophecy that affects corporate careers
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Dyad
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Group of two
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Triad
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Group of three
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Group Dynamic
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How groups influence us and how we affect groups
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Groupthink
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Collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop, begin to think there is only one right viewpoint
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In group/Out group
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In - Groups towards we feel loyalty
Out - Groups towards we feel antagonism |
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Networking
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Who you know
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Caste
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Status determined at birth and is lifelong
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Bourgeoisie
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Capitalists, own means of production
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Proletariat
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Workers, work for owners
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Social Class
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Power, Prestige, Property
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Colonialism
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Countries that industrialized first got the jump on the rest of the world
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Neocolonialism (Harrington)
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The Most Industrialized Nations turned to the international markets as a way to control the Least Industrialized Nations
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Endogamy
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Marriage within their own group
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Exogamy
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Marriage outside your own group
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World System Theory (Wallerstein)
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Industrialization led to four kinds of nations
1. Core (Industrialized first) 2. Semiperiphery (Grew dependent on trade with core nations) 3. Periphery (Sold cash crops to core nations) 4. External Area (Left out of capitalism all together) |
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Contradictory Class Locations
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Person's position in class structure can generate contradictory interests
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Exchange mobility
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Large numbers of people move up and down social ladder, on balance, proportions of classes remain same
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Intergenerational Mobility
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Change that occurs between generations
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Structural Mobility
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Change in society that causes social movement
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Horatio Alger Myth
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Anyone can get ahead if they try hard enough
Encourages people to strive for the best, but if they fail, this deflects blame off of society and onto themselves |
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Poverty Line
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Government computes low-cost food budget and x by 3.
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Power Elite
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Those who make big decisions in US
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Social Class
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Large group of people who rank closely to one another in property, prestige, and power
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Power
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Ability to carry out your will despite resistance
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Prestige
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Respect
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Wealth
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Value of someone's property - debts
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Income
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Flow of money in
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