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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Socialization
the process through which individuals learn their culture and become fully human.
Looking-glass self theory
by interacting with other people we gain an impression of how they perceive us
Taking the role of the other
they pretend to be other people in their play and in so doing learn what these other people expect of them
Agents of socialization
other sources of socialization
family, school, peers, media, and religion
Culture
the symbols, language, beliefs, values, and artifacts that are part of any society.
Sociological imagination
involves the ability to recognize that private troubles are rooted in public issues and structural problems.
Personal trouble/ Public issue
the individual's problems are their fault/ the problem is societies fault
Functionalism
Social stability is necessary to have a strong society, and adequate socialization and social integration are necessary to achieve social stability. Society’s social institutions perform important functions to help ensure social stability. Slow social change is desirable, but rapid social change threatens social order. Functionalism is a macro theory.
Conflict theory
Society is characterized by pervasive inequality based on social class, gender, and other factors. Far-reaching social change is needed to reduce or eliminate social inequality and to create an egalitarian society. Conflict theory is a macro theory.
Symbolic interactionism
People construct their roles as they interact; they do not merely learn the roles that society has set out for them. As this interaction occurs, individuals negotiate their definitions of the situations in which they find themselves and socially construct the reality of these situations. In so doing, they rely heavily on symbols such as words and gestures to reach a shared understanding of their interaction. Symbolic interactionism is a micro theory.
Utlitarianism
People act to maximize their advantages in a given situation and to reduce their disadvantages. If they decide that benefits outweigh disadvantages, they will initiate the interaction or continue it if it is already under way. If they instead decide that disadvantages outweigh benefits, they will decline to begin interacting or stop the interaction if already begun. Social order is possible because people realize it will be in their best interests to cooperate and to make compromises when necessary. Utilitarianism is a micro theory.
Sociological perspective
the view that our social backgrounds influence our attitudes, behavior, and life chances
Crime
The public is very concerned about crime. At the same time, race and gender influence public perceptions of crime.
Deviance
behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions
Dependecy theory
The poverty of poor nations stems from their colonization by European nations, which exploited the poor nations’ resources and either enslaved their populations or used them as cheap labor. The colonized nations were thus unable to develop a professional and business class that would have enabled them to enter the industrial age and to otherwise develop their economies.
Modernization theory
Wealthy nations became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the necessary beliefs, values, and practices for trade, industrialization, and rapid economic growth to occur. Poor nations remained poor because they failed to develop these beliefs, values, and practices; instead, they continued to follow traditional beliefs and practices that stymied industrial development and modernization.
Durkheim on crime
Deviance has several functions: (a) it clarifies norms and increases conformity, (b) it strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant, and (c) it can help lead to positive social change
Social disorganization
weakened social bonds and social institutions, that make it difficult to socialize children properly and to monitor suspicious behavior
Social control
ways in which a society tries to prevent and sanction behavior that violates norms
Relativity of deviance in space
a given behavior may be considered deviant in one society but acceptable in another society.
Functionalist view of social stratification
stratification exists because it also serves important functions for society
Class consciousness
the poor develop an awareness of their oppression and the true reasons for it
Symbolic interactionism and stratification
it examines the differences that stratification makes for people’s lifestyles and their interaction with other people.
Intergenerational/intragenerational mobility
class mobility from one generation to the next within the same family/ mobility within a person’s own lifetime.
Socioeconomic status
a measure based on education, income, and occupation, to determine someone’s social class
Prejudice/Discrimination
a set of negative attitudes, beliefs, and judgments about whole categories of people, and about individual members of those categories, because of their perceived race and/or ethnicity
Social learning theory
tba
Group threat theory
prejudice arises from competition over jobs and other resources and from disagreement over various political issues. When groups vie with each other over these matters, they often become hostile toward each other
Robert Merton’s Typology of Prejudice
Some people practice discrimination without being prejudiced, and some may not practice discrimination even though they are prejudiced.
Feelings and discrimination
tba
Scapegoat theory
In this view individuals who experience various kinds of problems become frustrated and tend to blame their troubles on groups that are often disliked in the real world
Global stratification
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence among the world’s nations
Human Development index
a composite measure of a nation’s income, health, and education
Instrumental leader
a leader whose main focus is to achieve group goals and accomplish group tasks
Social aggregate
a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but who otherwise do not necessarily interact, except in the most superficial of ways
Episodic poverty
defined by the Census Bureau as being poor for at least 2 consecutive months in some time period
Informal norms/ folkways
refer to standards of behavior that are considered less important but still influence how we behave ex. table manners
Formal norms/ mores
refer to the standards of behavior considered the most important in any society ex. traffic laws