Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Socialization
|
the process through which individuals learn their culture and become fully human.
|
|
Looking-glass self theory
|
by interacting with other people we gain an impression of how they perceive us
|
|
Taking the role of the other
|
they pretend to be other people in their play and in so doing learn what these other people expect of them
|
|
Agents of socialization
|
other sources of socialization
family, school, peers, media, and religion |
|
Culture
|
the symbols, language, beliefs, values, and artifacts that are part of any society.
|
|
Sociological imagination
|
involves the ability to recognize that private troubles are rooted in public issues and structural problems.
|
|
Personal trouble/ Public issue
|
the individual's problems are their fault/ the problem is societies fault
|
|
Functionalism
|
Social stability is necessary to have a strong society, and adequate socialization and social integration are necessary to achieve social stability. Society’s social institutions perform important functions to help ensure social stability. Slow social change is desirable, but rapid social change threatens social order. Functionalism is a macro theory.
|
|
Conflict theory
|
Society is characterized by pervasive inequality based on social class, gender, and other factors. Far-reaching social change is needed to reduce or eliminate social inequality and to create an egalitarian society. Conflict theory is a macro theory.
|
|
Symbolic interactionism
|
People construct their roles as they interact; they do not merely learn the roles that society has set out for them. As this interaction occurs, individuals negotiate their definitions of the situations in which they find themselves and socially construct the reality of these situations. In so doing, they rely heavily on symbols such as words and gestures to reach a shared understanding of their interaction. Symbolic interactionism is a micro theory.
|
|
Utlitarianism
|
People act to maximize their advantages in a given situation and to reduce their disadvantages. If they decide that benefits outweigh disadvantages, they will initiate the interaction or continue it if it is already under way. If they instead decide that disadvantages outweigh benefits, they will decline to begin interacting or stop the interaction if already begun. Social order is possible because people realize it will be in their best interests to cooperate and to make compromises when necessary. Utilitarianism is a micro theory.
|
|
Sociological perspective
|
the view that our social backgrounds influence our attitudes, behavior, and life chances
|
|
Crime
|
The public is very concerned about crime. At the same time, race and gender influence public perceptions of crime.
|
|
Deviance
|
behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions
|
|
Dependecy theory
|
The poverty of poor nations stems from their colonization by European nations, which exploited the poor nations’ resources and either enslaved their populations or used them as cheap labor. The colonized nations were thus unable to develop a professional and business class that would have enabled them to enter the industrial age and to otherwise develop their economies.
|
|
Modernization theory
|
Wealthy nations became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the necessary beliefs, values, and practices for trade, industrialization, and rapid economic growth to occur. Poor nations remained poor because they failed to develop these beliefs, values, and practices; instead, they continued to follow traditional beliefs and practices that stymied industrial development and modernization.
|
|
Durkheim on crime
|
Deviance has several functions: (a) it clarifies norms and increases conformity, (b) it strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant, and (c) it can help lead to positive social change
|
|
Social disorganization
|
weakened social bonds and social institutions, that make it difficult to socialize children properly and to monitor suspicious behavior
|
|
Social control
|
ways in which a society tries to prevent and sanction behavior that violates norms
|
|
Relativity of deviance in space
|
a given behavior may be considered deviant in one society but acceptable in another society.
|
|
Functionalist view of social stratification
|
stratification exists because it also serves important functions for society
|
|
Class consciousness
|
the poor develop an awareness of their oppression and the true reasons for it
|
|
Symbolic interactionism and stratification
|
it examines the differences that stratification makes for people’s lifestyles and their interaction with other people.
|
|
Intergenerational/intragenerational mobility
|
class mobility from one generation to the next within the same family/ mobility within a person’s own lifetime.
|
|
Socioeconomic status
|
a measure based on education, income, and occupation, to determine someone’s social class
|
|
Prejudice/Discrimination
|
a set of negative attitudes, beliefs, and judgments about whole categories of people, and about individual members of those categories, because of their perceived race and/or ethnicity
|
|
Social learning theory
|
tba
|
|
Group threat theory
|
prejudice arises from competition over jobs and other resources and from disagreement over various political issues. When groups vie with each other over these matters, they often become hostile toward each other
|
|
Robert Merton’s Typology of Prejudice
|
Some people practice discrimination without being prejudiced, and some may not practice discrimination even though they are prejudiced.
|
|
Feelings and discrimination
|
tba
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
In this view individuals who experience various kinds of problems become frustrated and tend to blame their troubles on groups that are often disliked in the real world
|
|
Global stratification
|
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence among the world’s nations
|
|
Human Development index
|
a composite measure of a nation’s income, health, and education
|
|
Instrumental leader
|
a leader whose main focus is to achieve group goals and accomplish group tasks
|
|
Social aggregate
|
a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but who otherwise do not necessarily interact, except in the most superficial of ways
|
|
Episodic poverty
|
defined by the Census Bureau as being poor for at least 2 consecutive months in some time period
|
|
Informal norms/ folkways
|
refer to standards of behavior that are considered less important but still influence how we behave ex. table manners
|
|
Formal norms/ mores
|
refer to the standards of behavior considered the most important in any society ex. traffic laws
|