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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theoretical perspective - Karl Marx
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Conflict theory
(Marxism is one branch of conflict theory). It looks at power first D: People are caught in relations of power E: Conflicting motives between groups, people want different things P: Conflict can be constructive or destructive |
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Theoretical perspective - Marx Weber
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Societies are not only created by material production but by meaning and values. Modern Society shaped by materials ($$) and values (religion)
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Theoretical perspective - Emile Durkheim
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Functionalism.
Society is a very powerful force that seeks balance and equilibrium. Looks at interdependencies D: The larger society creates individuals, that society is who we are E: Societies operate as entities unto themselves P: Societies “want” to stay in balance; they undergo processes of “natural selection” |
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Idea as to how society develops and operates - Karl Marx
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Society is a result of how people use material resources. We are currently in the stage of “capitalism”, which has created a 2-class system of owners and workers.
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Idea as to how society develops and operates - Marx Weber
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Society is a result of material and social resources. He took Marx’ ideas and argued that in addition to material resources, people gain power through social capital.
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Idea as to how society develops and operates - Emile Durkheim
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People are a result of society. Everything we observe is the result of society’s need to function. Society is constantly trying to achieve balance
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Anomie
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form of alienation, results when people don’t feel like they aren’t part of the whole
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organic solidarity
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modern form of social cohesion, everyone has their own specialized roles.
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Who was the first scholar to identify as a "sociologist"?
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Durkheim
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Who was a journalist that worked with Engels and influenced Durkheim and Weber?
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Marx
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Theoretical perspective - Herbert Mead
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Symbolic Interactionism:
Looks at culture first D: People organize due to culture and language E: Why? Bc human seek meaning P: Culture is always going to change |
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Theoretical perspective - Erving Goffman
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Social Interactions:
D: We take part in a social rhythm. E: People act as actors that must follow a script P: Social interactions occur systematically. |
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Ethnomethodology
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the study of how people create order through communication
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Interactional Vandalism
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An individual or group of people with less power intentionally disrupts rules and social norms
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Hierarchies
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Have power simply by observing them, like rows of a stadium.
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Discipline
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punishment that also includes rewards
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What distinguishes sociology from other disciplines?
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From Psychology:
- Psychology looks at what goes on inside a person - They examine intelligence, emotions, perception, memory, dreams, and personalities From History: - Focuses on past events - Does not have theory From Anthropology - More focused on culture, traditions, and people’s total way of life. - Look into artifacts, structure, ideas, values, forms of communication |
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What is the sociological imagination, and how does it differ from the sociological perspectives?
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- The sociological imagination is thinking about situations from a perspective
slightly removed from out taken-for-granted daily routines - The sociological perspective focuses on identifying social patterns and grappling with social problems rather than individualized behavior. |
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What are Micro, Macro, and Meso sociology?
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- Microsociology: studying individuals, small groups, families
- Macrosociology: studying large institutions, entire states, countries - Mesosociology: studying distinct organizations |
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How do researchers gain entrée? Credibiity?
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Gain their trust through living and understanding their subjects
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• What are the 3 methods of sociological research?
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i. Ethnography: observations and interviews
1. Strengths: direct, hands on, accurate w/bias 2. Weaknesses: time consuming ii. Surveys: distribute questionnaires 1. Strengths: more accurate, easier to gather and evaluate data, cheap 2. Weaknesses: Bias w/response set, tend to lie when subject doesn’t trust interviewer, may not fully fill out survery, lack of motivation to fill out survey, too time consuming iii. Experiments: control one variable, measure the dependent variable, usually in a lab 1. Strengths: more control on other variables 2. Weaknesses: won’t be as accurate as the real thing, expensive |
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• What is the importance of cultural relativism when conducting research?
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Rather than judging others for having different values, it is important to realize that what is considered good and bad varies across cultures.
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• What is the significance of identical twin studies?
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Able to study genes and environment, especially twins who are reared apart
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• What are the four cultural universals?
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Argued to be found in all cultures, past and present: language, families, religion, personal possessions
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Describe 4 stages of premodern societies
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- Hunting/gathering: small groups, nomadic, egalitarian, normally 8-10 people; family usually headed by eldest female of family
- Pastoral: Larger groups, herd livestock (goats, sheeps), headed by chiefs. - Agrarian:Villages, agricultural, not very nomadic, headed by kings - Early civilizations: (arose 6000 BC) Spread over vast regions, headed by emperors. Emperors has control over land and people he didn’t even know about, became more sexist. |
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3 of industrialized societies.
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- Hunting/gathering: small groups, nomadic, egalitarian, normally 8-10 people; family usually headed by eldest female of family
- Pastoral: Larger groups, herd livestock (goats, sheeps), headed by chiefs. - Agrarian:Villages, agricultural, not very nomadic, headed by kings - Early civilizations: (arose 6000 BC) Spread over vast regions, headed by emperors. Emperors has control over land and people he didn’t even know about, became more sexist. |
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How does a ‘collectivist’ culture differ from an ‘individualistic’ culture? (name a few
traits and examples of societies that can be thought of as one or the other). |
In a collectivist culture its more family associated before the individual which
occurred in places such as China, Eastern Europe. While in places such as the U.S., Japan, Western Europe are more individualistic where there are more personal freedoms. |
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Understand difference between “I” and “Me” of self-awareness
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I—The unsocialized infant, a bundle of spontaneous wants and desire. Me—
the social self, when you realize you’re a human being beyond the 5 senses, talk in 3rd person. |
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Infancy
Birth to 2 years Mead |
“I”
Self; we can precieve out environment but don’t know they are their own person. They aren’t aware of being seen |
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Infancy
Birth to 2 years Piaget |
Sensorimotor stage
- they sense and can make sense of environment |
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Infancy
Birth to 2 years Freud |
Oral
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Early childhood
3-5 years Mead |
“Me”
Know that other people can see them -imaginary, role play |
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Early childhood
3-5 years Piaget |
Preoperational
- Play/ Fantasy - Candyland stage |
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Early childhood
3-5 years Freud |
Phallic
Latin word for penis Learning of gender role Interest in power role |
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Later childhood
6-10 years Mead |
“generalized other”
Know they are rules we have to follow Understands economy |
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Later childhood
6-10 years Piaget |
Concrete operational
Get Rules Follows rules of society |
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Later childhood
6-10 years Freud |
Latency
Learning technical skills, math, rules etc. Libido |
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Adolescence
11-18 years Piaget |
Formal operational
Different situations elicit different responses Develops own personal way of making sense of the world and own ethics |
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Adolescence
11-18 years Freud |
Genital
More about sexualities; romantic or sexual relationship, any kind |
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Be able to list the 5 agents of socialization:
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families, peers, schools, mass media, and work
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How can the movie ‘Adam’ be discussed in terms of socialization? Symbolic interactionism? Nature versus nurture?
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- Idea that through interactions, there is a creation of societies.
- Adam’s world is much more different than his significant other, but can interactions create a society between them? Or will there always be a gap? -Nature: what he was born with, Nurture: how he is treated (his dad got him a job) |
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Who are the Gray Panthers?
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- An organization who advocates for social justice for the young and elderly
- Fought for 65 to be retirement age, health insurance, funding for disabled and handicap |
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What’s unique about the Baby Boom?
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- Between 1945-1965, largest number of people and the children of the war heroes (greatest generation, 1900’s-1920’s)
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Which racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. have the lowest rates of divorce?
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Asian Americans
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Why is “kinship” so important to indigenous groups?
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- Since history/records have been erased, it is important to trace back family connection
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Know Goffman’s three stages of focused interactions (opening, encounter, reciprocal)
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an “opening” (eye contact, close proximity, bumping into someone), an “encounter” (realize when they will start talking). Reciprocal communication—social rhythm we take part in, when other talks back.
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What is meant by “intersections of power”?
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When cultural differences create complicated power struggles
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What is a response cry?
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usually done when others are around
- communicating that social order has suddenly been dismantled |
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What do the Asch line test and Milgram’s experiments have in common? Be able to say something about how many people conform or don’t and a few things that enable people to take a stant (not conform).
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- Asch line: how people conform to a group
-Milgrams: how people listen to a person with authority -It only takes one person to stand up for others to speak what they believe -Bystanders invention effect: people are more likely to intervene if no one else is there to help |
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Know 5 characteristics of bureaucracy and its 2 dysfunctions.
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- Characteristics: clear cut hierarchy (one person arises as the leader), written rules govern conduct, officials are salaried, separation (work from home), workers do not own materials they use
-Dysfunctions: bureaucratic ritualism—rules upheld at by any cost, iron law of oligarchy—rule by a few, power flows to the top |
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What is Foucault’s panopticon?
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- Circular shaped prison with all the cells built around the outside edge. The center was an inspection tower and the aim was to make prisoner visible to guards at all times. Survellience is a way of controlling people.
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Describe 3 sociological perspectives on why people are deviant.
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- Functionalism
• Something about deviance that keeps society balanced • Innovation—new ideas can be brought into society because they are deviant • Social control—using bad people as an example of how not to be; way of making people want to be good - Conflict Theory • Deviance is defined by people in power • Corporate crime—offenses are 40x more than petty acts of theft -Symbolic Interactions • What is deviant is what is labeled deviant • Stigma, what gets stigmatized, identity • Labeling theory—people internalize the labels, others give them, self fulfilling prophecy |
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How and why do morticians “symbolically redefine” and practice “role distancing”?
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Stigmatized practice
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Be able to list a few statistics on the prison system given from lecture (size, drug policies, race, $$$).
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- Only 10% of crimes reported are violent
-Most victims are male African-American young males with the lowest life expectancy -77% of arrests made are men (women tend to commit crimes that are less severe, women are treated reasonably) |
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Be able to list some statistics on spousal abuse and child abuse.
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Child abuse (under the age 3, 50% caused by neglect, twice as many mothers are convicted as father)
Severe beatings are by men, small abuse is equally done, common in low income, drunks and high stress levels |
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Know 6 SES classes in the U.S. today and which are experiencing USM and DSM. Which class is disappearing?
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- USM: Upper class and middle class
-DSM: Lower class and underclass -Working class is disappearing |
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Know some of the main causes of downward social mobility in the U.S.
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Single motherhood and illness
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Be able to explain and recognize the differences between material, social, and cultural capital.
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- Material capital: income and wealth
- Social capital: networks/public visibility, friends in high places - Cultural capital: education and “good” manners, old money |
