Sociology' Key Theorists

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The feminist Scholar- Ida, Wells-Barnett- Argued societies

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Can be judged on if Principals they believed in matched their actions. Concluded that in terms of opportunities for woman and African Americans, America came up short

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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Investigated power and inequality based on race. Researched lives of African Americans in Philadelphia and Atlanta. Co-founded NAACP

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Erving Goffman

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popularized dramaturgical approach; provided model for understanding how we construct and maintain our self through interactions with others; each of us seek to convey impressions of who we are to others even as those others are doing the same.

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Max Weber- argued that social class

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and its associated control over material resources be not the only possible foundations for power. Other foundations= social status, Organizational resources

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Jane Addams-Femist scholar- cofounded

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the famous Chicago settlement, hullhouse; and along with Ida Wells-Barnett, successful prevented racial segregation in the Chicago public schools

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Karl Marx

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emphasized control over resources; viewed creative capacity to transform raw materials into products as key to distinguish humans from animals; work is of the conflict perspective

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Emile Durkheim

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emphasized social order; Established Europe’s first department of sociology at University of Bordeaux in 1895; concluded people commit suicide due to lack of preventive social integration; Suicide vary based on social position; we find meaning in life though interconnections with others the more interconnected and interdependent the less likely we are to kill ourselves; cannot be individual apart from position in society

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Auguste Comte

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sought to establish a science of society that would reveal “basic laws of society” Believed they would help understand social statistics; coined term sociology

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Harriet Martineau

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Wrote first book on sociological methods (called society in America which introduced significance of inequality and power.

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Cooley stressed-
Mead focused on-
Goffman emphasized-

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1. the process by which we create a self.
2. how the self developes as we learn to interact with others.
3. emphasized the ways in which we consciously create images of ourselves for others.

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) stressed

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The role of inborn drives-- amont them the drive for sexual gratification-- in channeling human behavior. Later Psychologists such as Jean Piaget emphasized the stages through which human beings progress as the self developes; Like Cooley and Mead, Freud believed self is a social product and aspects of one's personality are influenced by other people; suggested that the slef has components that work in opposition to each other; we have natural insinct taht seeks limitless pleasure, but this is at odds with our societal needs for order and constraint.

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child psychologist jean Piaget (1896-1980)-

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underscored importanace of social interactions in developing a sense of self; I dentified four stages in the develpement of children's thought processes: sensorimotor, preoperational, concreteoperational, formal operational

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Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis-

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economists; observed schools produce teachable students who become manageable workers; argue that schools have less to do with transmitting academic content than with socializing students into the proper attitudes and behaviors of thw workplace.

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Patricia and Peter Adler found

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popularity reinforces dender sterotypes; in the context of peer groups hierarchy often develope; investigate how popularity works- found order is established ranging from the "popular clique" at the top down to what they call "social isolates" at the bottom; children get the message about twhere they fit and how they shold behave.