Sociology Gatech

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study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations and societies, and how people interact within these contexts.

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sociology

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a group that shares attributes but may not share the same physical space or see themselves belonging together

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aggregate

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corners of life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society

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social location

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judgmental, absolute, category dominates an individual's, experience based, held unconditional, categorize as an end in itself

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stereotype

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non-judgmental, probability, may or may not be important for understanding an individual, evidence based, tentative subject to change, categorize to seek underlying cause

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generalizations

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expectations, rules of behavior, develop to enforce values

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norms

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carry sanctions, vary in intensity, situational, emergent, taken for granted/treated as natural

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5 characteristics of norms

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seeing the relationship between history and biography within society

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sociological imagination

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measurement, statistics vs observing, describing, interpretiting

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quantitative vs qualitative

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factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which varies from one case to another

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variable

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causes a change in another variable

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independent variable

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changed by the independent variable

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dependent variable

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select topic, define problem, review literature, form hypothesis, select research method, collect data, analyze results, share results

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research model

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statement that organizes a set of concepts in a meaning full way by expelling the relationship between them

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theory

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symbolic interactionism

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how people use symbols to create social life in face-to-face interaction-key terms are symbols, interaction, meanings, definitions

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functional analysis

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relationships among parts of society, how these parts are functional(have beneficial consequences) or dysfunctional (have negative consequences) key terms are structure, functions, dysfunctions, equilibrium

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conflict theory

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the struggle for scarce resources by groups in society; how elites use their power to control weaker groups key terms are inequality, power, conflict, competition, exploitation

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framework that surrounds us, consists of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior, enduring patterns of relationships among actors

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social structure

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language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, material objects passed from one generation to next, symbolic side of life that is shared

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culture

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the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry

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material culture

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group's way of thinking including beliefs, values, assumptions about the world and doing including patterns of behaviors like language and interactions

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nonmaterial/symbolic culture

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apprehension of products of human activity as if they were nature, like the seven day week

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reification

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externalization(create it), objectification (reify it), internalization (constrained by it)

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social construction of reality

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statements or beliefs, especially reasons and purposes, that justify a group's actions or interests; they buttress, uphold, or legitimate the existing social order

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ideology

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social system in which individuals get ahead and earn rewards in direct proportion to their individual efforts and abilities

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meritocracy

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using your own culture as a yardstick for judging other individuals or societies, generally involving a negative evaluation

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ethnocentrism

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understanding a culture on its own terms

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cultural relativism

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process by which people learn the characteristics of their group- knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, actions thought appropriate for them

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socialization

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unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside", the views we internalize of how others see us

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the self

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Charles Horton Cooley-imagine how we appear to those around us, interpret other's reactions, develop a self-concept

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The Looking-Glass Self

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Georgia Herbert Mead-Children under 3, no sense of self, imitate other

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imitation stage

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ages 3-6, play "pretend" others (princess, spiderman)

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play stage

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after age 6 or 7, team games, "organized play," learn to take multiple roles

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game stage

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total expectations of others in a variety of settings, when an actor tries to imagine what is expected of them, they take the perspective of the _________ __________

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the generalized other

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the people or groups that influence our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations towards life

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agent of socialization

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the ways in which sets children onto different courses in life because they are identified male or female

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gender socialization

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media, schools, hidden curriculum-values taught by schools that are not explicitly part of the school's program of study

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agents of socialization

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position that someone occupies in society or in a social group

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social status

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the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

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roles

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having two status positions that have conflicting roles

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role conflict

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conflict within one status position

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role strain

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positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

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ascribed status

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positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part

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achieved status

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items used to identify a status

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status symbols

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erving goffman, social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage

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dramaturgy

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where performances are given vs where people rest from performances, discuss their presentations and plan future performances

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front stage vs back stage

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processes by which actors attempt to control how others perceive them

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impression management

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processes of inferring meaning about others from gestures, significant symbols, and other characteristics

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impression formation

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If we define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

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Thomas Theorem

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Experiment where people doubt their answers based on the majority of individuals choosing a different answer

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solomon ashe experiment

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formal and informal means of enforcing norms

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social control

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Where people applied deadly shocks to others due to authority figure

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milgram experiment

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violation of rules or norms; it is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something

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Deviance

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expressions of disapproval for breaking a norm

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negative sanctions

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rewards for following norms

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positive sanctions

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specified times and locations where norms are expected to be broken

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moral holiday

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associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance, and, by extension, in a greater likelihood that one will become deviant

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differential association theory

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inner controls and outer controls work against our tendencies to deviate

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control theory

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conscience, ideas of right and wrong, fear of punishment, religious principles

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inner controls

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people and structures such as family, friends, police who encourage us not to engage in deviance

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outer controls

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the view that the labels people are given influence their own and other's perception of them, thus channeling their behavior into deviance or into conformity

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labeling theory

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denial of Responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of condemners, appeal to higher loyalities

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techniques of neutralization

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when society socializes people to desire a cultural goal by withholds from many the approved means to reach that goal, one adaptation to strain is crime

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strain theory

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conversation dominated by two individuals, discussion split between problem and relationship between individuals

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bales groups studies

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1 created by social interaction, necessary part of social organization, always be inequality

2. any difference can be an inequality

3. they generalize, affect perception and performance, self fulfilling prophecy

4. inequality is supported by top and bottom

5. strong and stable, hard to change, social reality, has own ideology

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principles of inequality

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system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige

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social stratification

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large group of people who rank closely to one another in income, wealth, power, and prestige

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social class

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value of everything someone owns, minus debts

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wealth

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money received, usually from a job, business or assets

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income

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the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others

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power

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respect or regard that people assign to various occupations, positions, and or accomplishments, evaluations that others make about one's standing

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prestige

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ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called a status discrepancy

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status inconsistency

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Why are people poor?

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individual exp-characteristics, blame victim

cultural exp- culture of poverty

structure exp-social structure denies people access to jobs, education, skills, opportunity structure, most used by sociologists

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networks of social relations, provides differential access to opportunities through social connections

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social capital

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refers to symbolic activities that can be used to generate honor and prestige, familiarity with high culture, knowledge of norms, values, beliefs, and ways of life of the groups to which people belong

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cultural capital

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biological differences between females and males

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sex

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behaviors and attitudes that a society considers appropriate for males and females

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gender

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complex set of characteristics and behaviors associated with a particular gender by society and learned through the socialization experience

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femininity and masculinity

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variety of conditions in which a person is born with ambiguous genitalia

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intersex

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unequal access to power, prestige, and property on the basis of gender

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gender stratification

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what are the consequences of gender

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negative self/body image, denied/restricted access to valued resources, gender inequalities in pay/authority at work, responsible for the second shift, rape, domestic violence, denied sugar, restricted reproductive freedom

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what accounts for pay gap?

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choices, gender discrimination through testosterone bonus, mentors, assumptions about competence, child penalty

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invisible barrier keeping women from top level at work in power and pay vs invisible acceleration that push men into higher-level positions, more desirable work assignments, and higher salaries

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glass ceiling vs glass escalator

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socially constructed category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

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race

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category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor

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ethnicity

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externally imposed, involuntary, physical differences, hierarchical, exclusive, power struggles

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race

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voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple, cultural, not about unequal power

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ethnicity

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essence vs social construction of race and ethnicity

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being innate biologically based, present at birth, unchangeable vs socially defined, boundaries and content are constantly redefined, revised

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socially constructed group that does not have the same access to power or resources as dominant groups, even if the _____________ is larger in population than the dominant group

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minority group

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beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic groups over another, used to justify social arrangements between dominant and minority groups

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racism

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idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members and is unlikely to change

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prejudice

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action or behavior that results in unequal treatment of individuals because of their membership in a certain racial or ethnic group

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discrimination

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actions, practices and policies embedded in the organization of society that have negative impacts on individuals and groups with socially specified characteristics

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institutional discrimination

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material advantages or disadvantages that a particular member of a social category can expect to receive based on their status

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life chances

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favored state, whether earned or conferred by birth or luck; confers dominance, permission to control through empowerment over groups, benefit from existing social arrangement, dependent on unfair exclusion or direct harm to others

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privilege

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being an oppressor, a member of an oppressed group, or simultaneously oppressor and oppressed.

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intersectionality

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organized, usual, standard ways by which society meets its basic needs or preserves basic societal values

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social institution

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power relations wherever they exist

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politics

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the social institution that is responsible for implementing and achieving society's goals, founded on a recognized set of procedures

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political systems

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ability to exercise one's will over others

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power

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system of producing and distributing goods and services

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economy

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marx vs adam smith

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inequality in capitalism, marx envisioned equality without social classes as capitalism took advantage of workers vs free market, consumers and producers work without government

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employer, educator, childcare provider, social safety net, healthcare provider were functions of pre-industrial revolution _________

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families

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social groups whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three

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family

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second shift

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after work, come home to do more work

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time bind

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people view work as a better place to be than home

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unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things

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religion

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elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear

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the sacred

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ordinary and commonplace elements

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the profane

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manifest vs latent functions

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intended vs unintended use

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functional vs conflict religion

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meaning in life, personal identity, moral community, dysfunctions of resisting change and science vs religion controls society, reinforced unjust practices

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ecclesiae, denomination, sects, new religious movements

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hierarchy of religious organization

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complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

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health

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urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, health, and affordable food

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food desert

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disease vs illness

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condition vs the feelings associated with condition

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education and schools are vehicles to teach and reinforce particular status cultures and certify membership in a status group

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status conflict theory

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education is an institution whose main function is to reproduce capitalist society

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class theory

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education prepares you for the workplace

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correspondence principle

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schooling leads to human capital to economic productivity and finally rewards

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human capital theory

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fear of confirming stereotype or being viewed through a negative stereotype

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stereotype threat