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164 Cards in this Set
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Sociology |
The study of interactions between people and the phenomena that those interactions create social structure, institutions, stratification, and collective behavior |
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The Sociological Perspective |
looks at the group level rather than the individual |
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How is sociology different than Psychology? |
Sociology looks at the views of society, while psychology looks at the views of one person |
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Social structure |
The patterned interaction of people in social relationships |
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Sociological Imagination |
the ability to see the link between society and self |
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Auguste Comte |
Frenchman who is the father of sociology |
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Positivism |
the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation |
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Social Statics vs. social dynamics |
the study of social stability and order the study of social change |
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Harriet Martineau |
important figure in the founding of sociology |
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Herbert Spencer |
came up with Social Darwinism |
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Social Darwinism |
a theory of social change in which social change will lead to progress as long as no one interferes |
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Karl Marx |
discovered the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat |
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Bourgeoisie |
class owning the means for producing wealth |
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Capitalist |
person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth |
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Proletariat |
working class |
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Class conflict |
the ongoing struggle between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat |
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Emile Durkheim |
society exists because of a broad census |
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Mechanical vs. Organic solidarity |
MS- social dependency based on a widespread consensus of values and beliefs OS- social interdependency based on a high degree of roles |
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Max Weber |
He wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism |
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verstehen |
Understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others
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Rationalization |
the mindset emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning |
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jane Addams |
best early women social reformer in the United States of America |
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W.E.B. DuBois |
social activist |
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Theoretical Perspective |
a set of assumptions accepted as true |
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Functionalism (in general) |
approach that empasizes the contributions made by each part of society |
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Functionalism and social change |
integrated whole |
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Manifest vs. latent function |
MF- teach math skills LF- day-care |
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Dysfunction |
negative function or consequence of an aspect of society |
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Conflict Theory (in general) |
approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society |
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Conflcit Theory and Social change |
change occurs |
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Power |
the ability to control the behaviors of others |
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Symbolic Interactionism (in general) |
approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols |
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Symbol |
anything that stands for something else |
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Dramaturgy |
approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances |
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Functionalism |
societies are mostly in balance |
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Conflict |
power is one of the most important elements in social life |
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Functionalism |
religion helps holds a society together morally |
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Symbolic Interaction |
symbols are crucial to social life |
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Conflict |
many elements of a society exist to benefit the powerful |
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Conflict |
different segments of society compete to achieve their own self-interest rather than cooperate to benefit others |
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Functionalism |
social life should be understood from the view point of the individuals involved |
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Conflict |
social change is constantly occuring |
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Survey |
research method in which people respond to questions |
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Population |
a group of people with certain characteristics |
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Sample |
a group of people that represent a larger population |
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Secondary Analysis example |
taking facts from another reporter at the ballgame |
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Field research example |
"jock" culture |
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Case study |
intensive study of a single group |
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Participant observation example |
"Black Like Me" book |
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Correlation example |
a change in ranking #'s |
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Spurrious correlation example |
a third team changes the rankings |
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Culture |
knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects shared by members of a society |
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Society |
a specific territory inhabited by people who share a common culture |
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Instincts |
innate patterns of behavior |
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Reflex |
automatic reaction to physical stimulus |
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Drive |
impulse to reduce discomfort |
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Sociobiology example |
natural selection |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
idea of reality depends largely upon language |
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norm example |
Hindu peasant lying with starvation |
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folkways example |
sleeping in a bed vs. sleeping on the floor |
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Mores
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Able bodied american men should work |
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taboo example |
forbidding the killing |
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law example |
murder |
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sanction example |
jail time |
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Formal vs. Informal sanctions |
charge interest in money staring at someone who speaks loudly |
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value example |
freedom |
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What are the basic values in the United States according to Williams? |
achievement and success, activity and work, Efficiency, Equality, Democracy, and gorup superiority |
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Nonmaterial culture vs. material culture |
Love and automobiles |
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Beliefs |
ideas about the nature of reality |
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real vs. ideal culture |
cheating and honesty |
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Subculture example |
Chinatown |
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Counterculture example |
punk scene |
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Ethnocentrism |
judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards |
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Cultural universal example |
Sports |
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Cultural Particular example |
caring for children |
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cooperation |
interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal |
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conflict |
interaction aimed at defeating an opponent |
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Social exchange |
voluntary action performed in expectation of getting a reward |
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Coercion |
groups are forced to behave in a particular way |
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Conformity |
behavior that matches group expectations |
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Groupthink |
thinking that is based on conformity of the group |
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Asch's Conformity Experiment |
tendency to conform to group pressure |
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Milgram's Obedience experience |
group pressure |
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Deviance |
behavior that deports from societal or group norms |
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Social sanctions |
rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms |
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Functionalism view of Deviance |
deviance can contribute to the smooth operation of society |
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Anomie |
a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent |
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Strain theory |
deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means |
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Innovation |
person accepts the goal of success but uses illegal means to achieve it |
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Ritualism |
person rejects the goal but continues to use that legitimate means |
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Retreatism |
legitimate means and approved goals are rejected |
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Rebellion |
people reject success and means for achieving it |
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Control theory |
compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society |
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Attachment |
strength of ties with parents |
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Commitment |
great acceptance |
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Involvement |
Participation |
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Belief |
promotes conformity |
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What is the symbolic interactionist view of deviance? |
a learned behavior that is culturally transmitted |
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Differential association theory |
individual learn deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts they are exposed to |
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labeling theory |
society creates deviance by identifying members as deviant |
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Primary Deviance |
occasional breaking of norms that is not part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept |
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Secondary deviance |
person's life and identity are begun around breaking society norms |
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What is the conflict Theory of deviance? |
social inequality and power |
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Victim discounting |
process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status |
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White-collar crime |
job related crimes committed by high status people |
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Crime |
acts committed in violation of the law |
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Criminal justice system |
comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statutes |
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Detterence |
discourage criminal acts by punishment |
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Retribution |
make criminals pay compensation for acts |
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Incarceration |
protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prison |
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Recidivism |
a repitition of or return to criminal behavior |
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Social stratification |
ranking of people or groups according to their unequal access to scarce resources |
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Social class |
segment whose members hold similar amount of resources |
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income vs. wealth |
I- amount of money recieved by a group over a time period W- total economic resources held by a person or group |
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Power |
control the behavior of others |
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Prestige |
admiration attached to social positions |
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False consciousness |
adopt ideas of dominant class from less powerful class |
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Class consciousness |
identification with goals of a social class |
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Upper class |
1% of the population |
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Middle class |
40-50% of the population |
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Working class |
low-middle class |
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Working poor |
low skill jobs with lowest pay |
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Underclass |
unemployed |
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absolute vs. relative poverty |
abscense of enough money and economic disparity |
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Feminization of poverty |
a trend in which women and children make up a proportion of the poor |
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Social mobility Horizontal mobilty vertical mobility Intergenerational mobility |
movement of individuals or groups change in occupation within the same social class a change upward or downward a change in status or class from a generation |
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caste system open class system |
no social mobilty movement |
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Minority |
group with different traits then the major group |
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Race |
People with certain characteristics |
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Assimilation |
blending of minority groups |
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Cultural pluralism |
group's desire to have some sense of seperation |
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Genocide |
effort to destroy an entire population |
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Subjugation |
minority is denied equal access to the benefit of society |
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De jure segregation De facto segregation |
denial based on law denial based on practice |
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prejudice racism discrimination |
negative attitude extreme prejudice treating people differently |
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hate crime |
criminal act motivated by prejudice |
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stereotype |
a distorted image applied to the group |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy |
expectation that leads to behavior that causes expectation to be a reality |
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Gender socialization |
learning how to act as as a boy or girl |
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patrilineal matrilineal bilateral |
inheritance father to son mom to daughter both parents |
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patriarchy matriarchy equalitarian |
father in charge mother in charge equal power |
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patrilocal matrilocal neolocal |
near father's parents near mother's parents built new residence |
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Monogamy polygamy polygny polyandry |
1 man and 1 woman 1 woman and 2 men 1 man and 2 women same as polygamy |
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Exogamy Endogamy |
outside their kind inside their kind |
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homogamy vs. heterogamy |
similar and non similar |
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What is the Functionalist perspective of family? |
socializing the young |
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Socioemotional maintenance |
provision of acceptance and support |
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What is the conflict perspective of the family? |
family members compete and cooperate |
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What is the symbolic interactionist view on family? |
interaction among family members |
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blended single parent childless marriage dual-employed marriage cohabitation same-sex domestic partners single life boomerang kids |
kids from 1 marriage into another 1 1 parent family married women without children both work outside home living together without being married gay or lesbian 1 person by themself kids come home after college |
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open classroom cooperative learning integrative curriculum voucher system charter school magnet school |
education based on learning instructional method student teacher collaboration public school funds public school runs like private schools focuses on particular areas |
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What is the functionalist perspective on education? |
response to society's needs |
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What is the conflict perspective on education? |
meritocracy |
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What is the Symbolic Interactionist view on education? |
The Hidden Curriculum |
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Hidden Curriculum |
the nonacademic agenda |
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self-fulfilling prophecy |
prediction that results in behavior that makes the prediction comes true |
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What are the three perspectives on sports? |
Sport teaches basic beliefs, social identification, and safe release of aggresive feelings |
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Taboo example
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Forbidding the killing
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Law example
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Murder
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Sanction example
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Jail time
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Formal vs informal examples slur
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Charge interest in money and staring at someone who speaks loudly
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Value example
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Freedom
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What are the basic values in the US according to Williams?
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Achievement and success, activity and work, Efficiency,Equality, Democracy, and Groups superiority
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Nonmaterial culture vs. material culture example
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Love and automobiles
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