Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The brnach of biology that studies the relationship between living organisms and their environment
|
Ecology
|
|
|
The conditions and circumstances surrounding and affectiong a particular group of living creatures
|
Environment
|
|
|
The process by which plants capture light and heat energy from the sun and turn it into food
|
Photosynthesis
|
|
|
A complex, interrelated network of life forms and nonlife forms that interact with one another to produce an exchange of materials between the living and the nonliving parts.
|
Ecosystem
|
|
|
An upper-size limit that is imposed on a population by its environmental resources and that cannot be permanently exceeded
|
Carrying Capacity
|
|
|
The view of society as a system made up of interrelated and interdependent parts, each working toward the maintenance of the system.
|
The Functionalist Perspective
|
|
|
The problem is not how much is available but ____________________________
|
Who gets a share of what is available
|
|
|
Environmental problems have less to do with the limited amount of resources available then with their distribution.
|
The Conflict Perspective
|
|
|
Stresses the importance of social definitions and subjective assessments of reality.
|
The Interactionalist Perspective
|
|
|
Process, by which nature purifies water
|
Hydrolic cycle
|
|
|
The average person in the United States throws away between ____ and ___ pounds of waste every day.
|
4 and 5
|
|
|
The lethal by-products of manufacturing nuclear weapons, the radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants, and the low-grade radioactive wastes that are by-products of our health and other industries
|
Three sources of radioactive wastes
|
|
|
Refers to what happens when intensification of food production, such as by continuous cropping and overgrazing, leads to the spread of desert areas thus reducing the quantity of arable land.
|
Desertification
|
|
|
Another example of land degradation that comes from human tampering with the environment.
|
Deforestation
|
|
|
The concept of ____ helps us to understand that all parts of the environment interact with one another and are dependent on one another.
a. an ecosystem b. a demographic gap c. economic growth d. demography e. manifest functions |
A. an ecosystem
|
|
|
In looking at environmental problems, the functionalist perspective would focus most directly on
a. the competing environmental goals of various interst groups b.the interdependence of the land, air, water, people, and other resources in an ecosystem. c. how the successful wielding of power determines the outcome of environmental conflicts. d. the importance of social definitions and subjective assessments of environmental problems |
B. The interdependence of the land, air, water, people, and other resources in an ecosystem
|
|
|
In the formula I=PxAxT, the A stands for
a. alterations in teh environment b. aspirations of people c. affluence of people d. age structure of a society |
C.Affluence of people
|
|
|
Which of the following is one of the oldest environmental interest groups?
a. Sierra Club b. Greenpeace c. Environmental Defense Fund d. World Wildlife Fund e. Natural Resources Defence Council |
A.Sierra Club
|
|
|
The hydrological cycle has to do most directly with which of the following environmental problems?
a. depletion of energy resources b. declining biodiversity c. land degradation d. water pollution |
D.water pollution
|
|
|
All of the following were problems associated with the disposal of nuclear wastes except
a. the wastes remain deadly for thousands of years b. the NIMBY syndrome c. the wastes encourage eutrophication d. transportation of the wastes is risky. |
C.the wastes encourage eutrophication
|
|
|
The main problem with chlofluorocarbons (CFCs) is that they
a. destroy ozone b. increase the greenhouse effect c. reduce eutrophication d. increase deforestation e. inhibit photosynthesis |
A.destroy ozone
|
|
|
Some critics argue that capitalism is detrimental to the environment because
a. capitalism pursues biocentrism b. capitalism thrives on economic growth c. capitalism supports the ecosystem d. capitalism discourages economic growth e. capitalism ignores short-term goasl in favor of long-term gain |
B.capitalism thrives on economic growth
|
|
|
Environmental policy in the United States has tended to
a. stress the interventionist approach more than European nations have b. stress the laissez-faire approach more than European nations have c. stress the functionalist approach more than European nations have d. stress the conflict approach mor than European nations have |
B.stress the laissez-faire approach more than European nations have
|
|
|
Eutrophication
|
Lake Erie
|
|
|
Toxic wastes
|
Love Canal
|
|
|
Branch of biology
|
ecology
|
|
|
Economic growth
|
growing amount of goods and services
|
|
|
Western cultural value
|
mastery over the enviornment
|
|
|
Paul Ehrlich
|
population growth causes pollution
|
|
|
Barry Commoner
|
corporations cause pollution
|
|
|
EPA
|
government agency
|
|
|
DDT
|
pesticide
|
|
|
Sustainability
|
key notion of environmentalists
|
|
|
Behavior that is intended to bring pain or physical injury to another person or to harm of destroy property.
|
Violence
|
|
|
Organized violence by relatively large groups of people to promote or resist some social policies or practices
|
Collective violence
|
|
|
Strife or conflict that is threatening to the public order and that involves the governement in some fashion, either as a party to the conflict or as a guardian of the public interest
|
Civil disorder
|
|
|
Whites attacked blacks in the racially contested areas
|
Communal riots
|
|
|
The focus of hostility is the property, marchandise, or equipment rather than people of another racial group.
|
Commodity riots
|
|
|
An organized action by some group to rebel against the existing governement and to replace it with new political forms and leadership
|
Insurrection
|
|
|
The attempt to achiece political goals by using fear and intimidation to disrupt the normal operations of a society
|
Terrorism
|
|
|
A field based on the idea that the genetic makeup of human beings plays a powerful role in shaping human social behavior
|
Sociobiology
|
|
|
An inability to achieve sought-after goals
|
Frustration
|
|
|
People that tend to feel deprived or frustrated in comparison to what others have of what they believe they deserve
|
Relative deprivation
|
|
|
Norms and values that condone and legitimize the use of violence in resolving conflicts
|
Subculture of violence
|
|
|
War could be avoided if the enemy realized that any aggressor against the United States would suffer overwhelming damages from the massive retaliation with the U.S. military might
|
Massive retaliation
|
|
|
War can be prevented when each side has the might to destroy the other.
|
Mutually assured destruction (MAD)
|
|
|
A nuclear holocaust is avioded because the military capability of one side roughly balances that of the other side
|
Balance of power
|
|
|
The productive processes where fossil fuels and machines are used instead of human or animal muscles power to produce things
|
Industrialization
|
|
|
The economic, social, and cultural changes that occur when a preindustrial society makes the transition to an advanced industrial society
|
Modernization
|
|
|
The systematic, formal process through which specialized teachers transmit skills, knowledge, and values to students
|
Education
|
|
|
The process of using systematic observation to gain knowledge about the physical and social world.
|
Science
|
|
|
The knowledge, tools, and practices that use scientific or other organized knowledge to achieve some practical goal
|
Technology
|
|
|
The use of tools and machinery instead of human and animal labor in the production of goods and services
|
Mechanization
|
|
|
The automatically controlled operation of machines by mechanical or electronic devices.
|
Automation
|
|
|
The use of machines, such as computers, to control other machines, to make decisions, and to monitor the production process
|
Cybernation
|
|
|
A gap between the point at which one part of the social system changes and the point at which other parts adjust to compensate for that change
|
Cultural lag
|
|
|
Passing social and economic inequalities on from one generation to the next and thus perpetuating the existing stratification system
|
Social reproduction
|
|
|
Students are taught in both English and their native language until their English competency is sufficient to become the sole language of instruction
|
Bilingual education
|
|
|
A feeling that one is powerless to control one's surroundings and that what one does has little meaning or purpose
|
Alienation
|
|
|
The use of organisms or pates of organisms to make products or carry out tasks
|
Biotechnology
|
|
|
Manipulating the genes of organisms to alter the organisms' characteristics in ways that owuld not have occured naturally
|
Genetic engineeringC
|
|
|
Some DNA from one organism is spliced into the genetic material of another organism to produce some new characteristcs in the host or even a novel form of life
|
Recombinant DNA/ gene splicingA
|
|
|
A technolody appropriate tothe human scale, to what people can comprehend and relate to; is would be a technology that is limited in size, decentralized, and reponsive to human values and needs
|
Appropriate technologyC
|
|
|
Research that studies the impact of technology on our physical, social, and ethical environments and seeks solutions to social problems that arise from technological development
|
Technology assessmentC
|
|
|
Which of the following best characterizes the current status of science and technology in the US?
a. more money is spent on research and development then 20 years ago. b. Less money is spent on research and development then 20 years ago c. Fewer scientists and engineers are employed in research and development then 20 years ago d. the number of scientists is increasing but the number of engineers is decreasing, suggesting a drift away from applied technology |
A. more money is spent on research and development then 20 years ago
|
|
|
Which of the following statements would be most consistent with the conflict perspective on science and technology?
a. public attitudes toward science and technology are relative and vary from time to tome. b. science and technology create problems because parts of society do not adapt to changes quick enough c. Science and technology creates problems because they prduce social disorganization d. powerful groups' use of science and technology for their own benefit often works to the disadvantage of others |
D. powerful groups' use of science and technology for their own benefit often works to the disadvantage of others
|
|
|
The best predictor of how far people will advance in their shcooling in the US is
a. their age b.their family's socioeconomic standing c. their religion d. the region in which they were born |
B. their family's socioeconomic standing
|
|
|
Which of the following is true in regard to the "credentials race" in the US?
a. the educational requirements for most jobs today are lower then they need to be to do the job b. the educational credentials required for jobs have neen going down in the past few decades c.The educational requirements for many jobs today are higher than they need to be to do the job d. the race actually ended a couple of decades ago |
C. The educational requirements for many jobs today are higher than they need to be to do the job
|
|
|
Alienation from one's job is especially high among
a. skilled white-collar workers b. managers and prfessionals c.Unskilled blue-collar workers d. government employees |
C. Unskilled blue-collar workers
|
|
|
As far as genetic engineering is concerned, the National Academy of Sciences has recommended that
a. The release of some genetically manipulated materials into the enviornment be allowed b. the relase of all genetically manipulated materials into the environment be prohibited c. the amount of recombinant DNA research be reduced d. corporations not be allowed to patent genetically engineered animals |
A. The release of some genetically manipulated materials into the enviornment be allowed
|
|
|
Charter schools are
a. schools that centralize all the educational functions in a school district b. schools that attract the largest number of students in a school district c. schools that recieve their authority directly from the state d. schools that have reduces the extent of bureaucracy in their organization |
C. schools that recieve their authority directly from the state
|
|
|
Research on education has shown that
a.students in Catholic schools perform better then students in public schools b. students in public schools perform better than students in Catholic schools c. students in US schools do better in math and science than students in most other industrial nations d. more highly bureaucratic schools encourage more creativity among their students then less bureaucratic schools |
A. students in Catholic schools perform better then students in public schools
|
|
|
Interventionists would support the position that
a. private industry should set the standards for protecting the privacy of people b. The governemtn should play a significant role in protecting people form the negatives of technological developments c. cultural lag is generally not a serious problem with advances in technology d. the back-to-the-earth movement has taken a appropriate stance on the issue of technological developments |
B. The governemtn should play a significant role in protecting people form the negatives of technological developments
|
|
|
Which of the following would generally be true of futurists?
a, they all support nuclear power b. they are very positive about the technoloigal future c. they all agree that nuclear power will be a limited source of power in the future d. They are all enthusiastic about the role of government in planning the direction of technological change e. they all oppose government intervention in planning the direction of technological change |
D. They are all enthusiastic about the role of government in planning the direction of technological change
|
