Sociology Final Exam

Front 1

Qualitative

Back 1

-research involving nonnumerical data such as texts, field notes, interviews.
-tries to understand how people make sense of the world

Front 2

Agents of socialization

Back 2

Social groups, individuals, institutions
(FAMILY, SCHOOLS, PEERS, MASS MEDIA) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place.

Front 3

Quantitative

Back 3

-research that translates he social world into numbers that can be treated mathematically.
-tries to find cause and effect relationships

Front 4

gender VS sex

Back 4

gender:physical, behavioral, personality traits assoc with a sex (group considers a norm)
sex:membership in one of two biologically distinct categories.

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gender roles

Back 5

lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine

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gender identity

Back 6

the roles and traits that a social group assigns to a gender

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assimilation

Back 7

minority group is absorbed into mainstream group

Front 8

racial assimilation

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process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into dominant group through intermarriage

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cultural assimilation

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process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant groups culture.

Front 10

cultural diffusion

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dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another

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sanctions

example of positive
example of negative

Back 11

a reaction to the way people follow or disobey norms

positive-handshake, smile
negative-frowns, detention, prison

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individual discrimination

Back 12

discrimination carried out by one person against another

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institutional discrimination

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discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, educational, economic) that effect all members of a group who come in contact with it

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race

Back 14

socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences

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gentrification

Back 15

transform poor areas into affluent neighborhoods

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Pluralism or Multiculturalism

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Permits racial and ethnic variation
encourages people to embrace diversity

Hint 16

salad bowl

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Power Elite

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term for small number of people who control the economic, political,and military institutions of a society

Front 18

double standard examples

Back 18

aggressive men=go getters
aggressive women=bitches
promiscuous men=players
promiscuous women=sluts

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genocide

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deliberate and systematic extermination of racial, ethnic, national, cultural group

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population transfer

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forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they occupied (Indians & trail of tears)

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ethnicity

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socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factors of a group

Front 22

pluralism or multiculturalism

Back 22

a pattern of inter-group relations that encourages racial and ethnic variations within a society
(encourages people to embrace diversity)

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symbolic ethnicity

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ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions, does not impact everyday life (St Patrick's day parade)

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situational ethnicity

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identity that can be displayed or concealed

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disenfranchisement

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the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means.(poor less likely to vote)

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relative deprivation

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a measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society
(wal-mart clerk vs brain surgeon)

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absolute deprivation

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a measure whereby people are unable to meet minimum standards of food, shelter, clothing, or health care.

Front 28

demographic free fall

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decrease in fertility rates among populations that have industrialized their economies, as children become an economic liability rather than an asset

Front 29

Malthusian Trap

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prediction that a rapidly increasing population will overuse natural resources, leading to a major public health disaster

Front 30

social dilemmas

Back 30

a situation in which behavior that is rational for the individual can, when practiced by many people, lead to collective disaster
(3rd category of Mass Behavior)

Hint 30

rubber necking

Front 31

Tragedy of the Commons

Back 31

type of social dilemma in which many individuals' over-exploitation of a public resource depletes or degrades that resource.
(fossil fuels, fishing, crabbing, buffalo)

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gentrification

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transformation of the physical, social, economic, and cultural life of formerly working class or poor inner-city neighborhoods into more affluent middle-class communities

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public goods dilemma

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individuals must contribute to a collective resource they may or may not ever benefit from
(social security, blood banks)

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environmental justice

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a movement that aims to remedy environmental inequalities such as threats to public health

Front 35

renewable vs nonrenewable resources

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natural resources that can be regenerated (oxygen)

finite resources (fossil fuels)

Front 36

Constructionist

Back 36

those who believe gender is socially determined

Front 37

Essentialist

Back 37

those who believe gender roles have a genetic/biological origin, therefore cannot be changed

Front 38

Contagion Theory

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individuals who joined a crowd or mob became infected by mob mentality, lose ability to reason

Front 39

environmental racism

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environmental policy that neg affects individuals/groups because of their race or ethnicity

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stigma (3 types)

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Physical (physical/mental impairment)
Moral (signs of flawed character)
Tribal (pedophile, murderer)

Front 41

nature vs nurture debate

Back 41

nature: behavioral traits explained by genetics

nurture: human behavior is shaped through social interaction

Front 42

role conflict

Back 42

occupying two or more roles with contradictory expectations

Front 43

role strain

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tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations
(mothers torn between nurture and discipline)

Front 44

gender roles
(biological or social)
examples

Back 44

essentialist: gender is biological

constructionists: gender is social determined

Front 45

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Back 45

a measure of an individuals place within a social class system

Front 46

in group orientation

Back 46

those that don't believe they should conceal behavior.
Harvey Milk

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self fulfilling prophecy

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a prediction that causes it self o come true
perception-different treatment-reality

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stigma

Back 48

physical or social attribute that devalues ones identity

Front 49

status

Back 49

position in social hierarchy

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ascribed status

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inborn status
(gender/race)

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embodied status

Back 51

generated by physical characteristics
(beauty)

Front 52

achieved status

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earned status

Front 53

master status

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status that is always relevant and affects all other status we possess

Front 54

cultural leveling

Back 54

cultures that were once distinct are now similar
(Wal-Mart pushing out small stores)

Front 55

cultural diffusion

Back 55

dissemination of beliefs from one culture to another
(western culture in other countries/McDonalds)

Front 56

PLURALISM THEORY

Back 56

power is held by a variety of organizations and institutions

Hint 56

system of checks and balances, in form of laws, policies,

Front 57

THE 3 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Back 57

POLITICS
EDUCATION
RELIGION

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UNION

Back 58

AN ASSOCIATION OF WORKERS WHO BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY FOR INCREASED WAGES AND BENEFITS

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URBAN SPRAWL

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DEROGATORY TERM APPLIED TO EXPANSION OF URBAN/SUBURBAN BOUNDARIES. POORLY PLANNED DEVELOPEMENTS

Front 60

URBAN RENEWAL

Back 60

EFFORTS TO REJUVENATE DECAYING INNER CITIES