Sociology Final Exam

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Bilateral Kinship

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a kinship system where descent is traced through the father and the mother

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Edogamy

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the practice of selecting mates from within one's group

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Exogamy

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the practice of selecting mates from outside one's group

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Extended Families

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the whole network of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit and reside together

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Family

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a primary group of people- usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption- who form a cooperative economic unti to care for any offspring (and each other) and who are committed to maintaining the group over time

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Family and Medical Leave Act

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federal law requiring employers of a certain size to grant leave to employees for purposes of family care

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Kinship System

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the pattern of relationships that define people's family relationships to one another

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Matriarchal Kinship

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kinship systems in which family lineage (or ancestry) is traced through the mother

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Monogamy

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the marriage practice of a sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse at a time

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Nuclear Family

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family in which a married couple resides together with their children

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Patrilineal Kinship

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a kinship system that traces descent through the father

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Transnational Family

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families where one parent (or both) lives and works in one country while the children remain in their countries of origin

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Achievement Test

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test intended to measure what is actually learned rather than potential

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Cognitive Ability

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the capacity for abstract thinking

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Cognitive Elite

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the idea that there is a presumably genetically based elite class in the United States containing those with high IQs, high incomes, and prestigious jobs

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Credentialism

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the insistence opun educational credentials only for their own sake

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Predictive Validity

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the extent to which a test accurately predicts later college grades, or some other criterion such as likelihood of graduating

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Tracking

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grouping, or stratifying, students in school on the basis of ability test scores

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

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the process by which merely applying a label changes behavior and thus tends to justify the label

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Social Epidemiology

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the study of the effects of scoial and cultural factors upon disease and health

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Standardized Ability Test

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tests given to alrge populations and scored with respect to population averages

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Stereotype Threat Effect

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the effect of a negative stereotype about one's self upon one's own test performance

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Stigma

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an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited

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Teacher Expectancy Effect

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the effect of the teacher's expectations on the student's actual performance, independent of the student's ability

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Alienation

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the feeling of powerlessness and seperation from one's group or society

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Authority

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power that is percieved by others as legitimate

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Automation

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the process by which human labor is replaced by machines

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Autonomous State Model

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a theoretical model of the state that interprets the state as developing interests of its own, independent of other interests

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Democracy

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a system of government based on the principle of representing all the people through the right to vote

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Capitalism

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an economic system based on the principles of market competition, private property, and the pursuit of profit

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Charismatic Authority

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authority derived from the personal appeal of a leader

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Communism

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an economic system where the state is the sole owner of the systems of production

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Contingent Worker

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those who do not hold regular jobs, but whose employment is dependent upon demand

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Deindustrialization

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the transition from a predominantly goods-producing economy to one based on the provision of services

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Division of Labor

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the systematic interrelation of different tasks that devleops in complex societies

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Dual Labor Market Theory

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the idea that women and men have different earning because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market

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Economic Restructuring

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contemporary transformations in the basic structure of work that are permanently altering the workplace, inclduing the changing composition of the workplace, deindustrialization, the use of enchanced technology, and the development of a global economy

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Economy

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the system on which the production, distribution, and consumption of goods, services is based

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Emotional Labor

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work that is explicitly intended to produce a desired state of mind in a client

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Gender Gap

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gender differences in behavior, such as voting behavior

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Glass Ceiling

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popular concept referring to the limits that women and minorities experience in job mobility

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Global Economy

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term used to refer to the fact that all dimensions of the economy now cross national borders

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Interlocking Directorate

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Organizational linkages created when the same people sit on the boards of directos of a number of different corporations

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Interest Group

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a constituency in society organized to promote its own agenda

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Job Displacement

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the permanent loss of certain job types when employment patterns shift, as when a manufacturing plant shuts down

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Multinational Corporation

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corporations that conduct business across national borders

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Occupational Segregation

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a pattern in which different groups of workers are sepereated into different occupations

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Pluralist Model

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a theoretical model of power in society as coming from the representation of diverse interests of different groups in society

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Political Action Committee

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groups of people who organize to spport candidates they feel will represent their views

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Postindustrial Society

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a society economically dependent opun the production and distribution of services, information, and knowledge

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Power

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a person or group's ability to exercise influence and control over others

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Power Elite Model

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a theoretical model of pwer positing a strong link between government and business

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Propaganda

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information disseminated by a group or organization intended to jusitfy its own power

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Rational-Legal Authority

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authority stemming from rules and regulations, usually writeen down as laws, procedures, or codes of conduct

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Sexual Harassment

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unwanted physical or verbal sexual behavior that occurrs in the context of a relationship of unequal power and that is experienced as a threat to the victim's jobs or educational activities

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Socialism

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an economic insitution characterized by state ownership and management of the basic industries

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State

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the organized system of power and authority in society

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Traditional Authority

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authority stemming from long-established patterns that give certain people or groups legitimate power in society

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Underemployment

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the condition of being employed at a skill level below what would be expected given a person's training, experience, or education

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Unemployment Rate

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the percentage of those not working but officially defined as looking for work

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Work

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productive human activity that produces something of value, either goods or services

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Xenophobia

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the fear and hatred of foreigners