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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is credited with the term suicide?
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Emilie Durkheim
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Who is credited with the Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism?
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Max Weber
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Who is credited with the Feminist Mystique?
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Betty Friedan
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Main contributions of Karl Marx?
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communism, believed in social change, Marx's most well known work dealt with class conflict, the opposition between the capitalists and the working class. The capitalists are also known as the bourgeoisie. They are the ones that are responsible for controlling the land, factories, etc. The working class, which is also known as the proletariat, are the workers that are being exploited by the bourgeoisie.
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Main contributions of Emilie Durkheim?
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analysis of suicide, according to Durkheim, sociology must study social facts, i.e. aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals.
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Main contributions of Max Weber?
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Weber showed how the emerging values of Protestantism (especially as taught by John Calvin) supported the development of modern capitalism.
He also introduced the idea that bureaucracy would be the wave of the future. He distinguished three types of legitimate |
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Main contributions of C.W. Mills?
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Sociological Imagination. What he meant by this is that we should ask how the problems and tensions of our day-to-day lives are connected with the contradictions and power inequalities of the broader social structures and of how these forms of modern society have come about. He summarized this by saying we need to connect biographies with history.
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What is positivism?
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the theory that laws are to be understood as social rules, valid because they are enacted by authority or derive logically from existing decisions, and that ideal or moral considerations (e.g., that a rule is unjust) should not limit the scope or operation of the law
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Structural Function
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a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivation behind people’s actions
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Conflict
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the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change an society in general
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Symbolic interaction
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a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivation behind people’s actions
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What are feminists?
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an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect
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Chicago School
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First major body that introduced urban/American sociology. Believed that their social and physical environments shape human behaviors and personalities, a concept known as social ecology.
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Qualitative Method
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methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted into number form
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Quantitative Method
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methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form
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Deduction
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a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory
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Induction
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a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory
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Protected Population
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Minors, prisoners, other institutionalized individuals, pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and the disabled.
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Ethnocentrism
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the belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one’s own
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Cultural relativism
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taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value
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Norms
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how values tell us to behave
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Values
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moral beliefs
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Counterculture
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A way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm.
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Subculture
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the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared beliefs
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Socialization
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the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
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Freud Socialization
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Hereditary factors that contribute to personality development do so as a result of interactions with the particular social environment in which people live.
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Erickson Socialization
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personality continues to change throughout life.
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Mead Socialization
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believed that infants only knew the word “I”, through social interaction they learn “me”, during play they know the distinction between self and “other”
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Cooley Socialization
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The looking-glass self=the self emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and thereby imagine how they see us
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Total Institutions
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an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority
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Ascribed Status
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a status into which one is born; involuntary status
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Achieved Status
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a status into which one enters; voluntary status
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Strength of weak ties
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Relatively weak ties, those not reinforced through indirect paths, turn out to be quite valuable because they more often bring novel information
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Simmels types of groups
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most important distinction is that between a relationship of two (dyad=most intimate form) and a group of three or more (triad=power of numbers). Most fundamental distinction in social relations he argues and it holds regardless of the individual characteristics of members. Also talks about small groups, parties, and large groups.
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Cooley's types of groups
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primary groups=social groups such as family or friends, composed of intimate face to face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved. Secondary groups=groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)
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Social capital
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: the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks; any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others
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Human Capital
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people that invest in knowledge and skills that make them more productive and bankable
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Cultural Capital
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symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
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Formal organization
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mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
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Durkheim's two types of social solidarity
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Mechanical=based on sameness of the individual parts, Organic=social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts
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Anomie
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a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness
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Social control
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those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
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Mertons typology of deviance
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Merton’s strain theory= deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
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Most important family change in the 20th century
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women in the workforce
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Endogamy
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marriage to someone within one’s social group
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Exogamy
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marriage to someone outside one’s social group
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Sex
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the natural or biological differences that distinguish males from females
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Gender
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denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements, built around sex categories
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Sexuality
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refers to sexual desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior
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Main points of the feminist movements
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feminist mystique by Betty Friedman got many people’s attention, consciousness-raising groups, protests/rallies, women’s liberation groups, lawsuits, abortion laws, and the first women’s studies department
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Racism and beliefs
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Belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits
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How is imperialism justified?
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imperialism (A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force) usually justified? Claiming emerging businesses demanded it, claiming it was their responsibility, claiming it was God’s will
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Assimilation
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how immigrants assimilate: first they arrive, then they settle in, and achieve dull assimilation in a newly homogenous country
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Ontological equality
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the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God
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Equal of opportunity
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the idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game, so to speak, remain fair
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Equality of condition
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the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
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Weakness of income based measure-inequality
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more often measured in terms of wealth
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Class system
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economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility
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Caste system
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religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility
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Estate system
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politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
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PRWORA
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(Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act otherwise referred to as the end of welfare as we know it. Shifted the responsibilities of running welfare programs onto individual states, mandated time limits for the number of months that a person can receive aid, and added other components to encourage two parents families and discourage out-of-wedlock births
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How doctors establish power
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power over billing, controlling demand for services with prescription authority, self regulation
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Types of health care systems
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HMO=developed as an attempt to hold down costs by paying doctors a salary based on number of patients. Fee for service=fee per person rather than fee per treatment (doctors have incentive), Medicare=insurance for elders over 65 Medicaid=joint federal and state program that helps cover medical costs for poor people with limited resources
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Which program provides health care for the elderly?
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Medicare
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Main points of health care reform act
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eliminate "some of the worst practices of the insurance companies" — pre-condition screening and premium loadings, policy rescinds on technicalities when illness seems imminent, annual and lifetime coverage caps. It also sets a minimum ratio of direct health care spending to premium income, and creates price competition bolstered by the creation of three standard insurance coverage levels to enable like-for-like comparisons by consumers, and a web-based health insurance exchange where consumers can compare prices and purchase plans. The system preserves private insurance and private health care providers and provides more subsidies to enable the poor to buy insurance.
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Main finding of Coleman report
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School were highly segregated. Resources between schools didn’t matter. Tiny amount of the differences in educational outcomes among schools were school characteristics. The differences attribute more to family background and the peers surrounding them.
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Tracking function in schools
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a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans. For=better learning environment because students abilities are matched to the curricula. Against=doesn’t prepare them for college nor work because it is an “in-between” track. Also, is related to racism and that Whites have more privileges.
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Authority
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the justifiable right to exercise power
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Legal-rational authority
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a system of authority based on legal, impersonal rules
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Traditional authority
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authority based on appeals to past tradition
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Charismatic authority
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authority that rests in the superhuman appeal of an individual leader
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Webers paradox of authority
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describe what happens when the state, who has the legal right to use violence on its citizens, uses violence to force its citizens to obey its authority
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Interest groups
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an organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without direct election or appointment to office
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Church
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religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. They have mainstream or “safe” beliefs and practices relative to those of the general population
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Denomination
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big groups of congregations that share the same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella
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Congregation
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groups of people that gather together, especially for worship
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Sacred
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holy things meant for special use and kept separate from the profane; the sacred realm is unknowable and mystical, so it inspires us with feels of awe and wonder
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Profane
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the things of mundane, everyday life
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Secularism
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a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation, a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state
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Opium of the Masses
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One of the most frequently paraphrased statements of Karl Marx. Man makes religion, religion does not make man. Religion is, indeed, the self-consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet won through to himself, or has already lost himself again
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Green revolution
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introduction to high-yield crop varietals in developing countries and improvements in agriculture technologies including irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pesticides. Sacrifice of micronutrients attained through variety of diet, more susceptible to disease or predators destroying fields, depletion of biodiversity
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Digital divide
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differential access to telecommunications and information technologies based on socioeconomic status
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Collective action
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action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation
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Convergence theory
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theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place
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Emergent norm theory
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theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters in promoting particular norms
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Contagion theory
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theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact
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Redemptive movement
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social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical social change
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Reformative movement
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social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society
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Alterative movement
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social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people
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Modern
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social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity-as well as individuality created by nonconcentric, but overlapping, group affiliations
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Postmodern
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a condition characterized by a questioning of notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations
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