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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is deviance?
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non-conformity to a given set of norms
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physiological theory
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emphasizes that people with certain kinds of physical features are deviant
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psychological theory
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the person is insane
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rational choice theory
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calculation of costs and benefits- if the benefit of doing a criminal behavior outweigh the costs of doing the behavior, you have every reason to do it except that some crimes are not rational because we cannot think of all the possible possibilities before doing an action since the brain is a "limited information processor"
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strain theory
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fundamental divide between goals and means, and we strain to reach the goals
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What are the modes of adaptation?
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- conformity- culture goals + institutionalized means +; even those who do not have easy access to the means and goals, remain conformists.
- innovation- culture goals + institutionalized means -; explains the high rate of crime committed by uneducated and poor individuals who do not have access to legitimate means of achieving the social goals of wealth and power - ritualism- culture goals - institutionalized means +; This individual goes through the motions of getting an education and working hard, yet is not committed to the goal of accumulating wealth or power. - retreatism- cultural goals - institutionalized means -; The retreatist withdraws or retreats from society and may become an alcoholic, drug addict, or vagrant. - rebellism- culture goals + - institutionalized means + - |
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phenomenological theory
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- how criminals feel while committing this deviant act
- criminals go through humiliation which is the feeling of not being able to escape, you feel trapped, rage which gives you energy to commit the act, and recidivism which is repeating the deviant act |
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recidivism
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circular pattern of deviance
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shoplifting in terms of phenomenological theory
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the impulse is to control your feelings, control yourself and this emotion carries you away, you get pleasure out of knowing that you can control yourself which can cause you to repeat the behavior
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burglarizing in terms of phenomenological theory
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it is a lot about invading someone's private space and the emotion you get from that makes you want to do it again
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labeling theory
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being labeled as a deviant leads a person to engage in deviant behavior
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Becker's typology of deviant behavior
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obedient behavior + perceived as deviant = falsely accused;
perceived as deviant + rule-breaking behavior = pure deviance; not perceived as deviant + obedient behavior = conforming; not perceived as deviant + rule-breaking behavior = secret deviance |
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Why do people commit the same deviant act over and over according to Lemert?
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First there is the primary deviance, you try to neutralize, distance yourself from the act so if you stole something but no body was around, then you distance from your identity; once your transgression becomes public, they start talking about this, put a label to you, that's difficult to engage in neutralization because everyone is talking about it, you get a label and it sticks with you, in time you internalize this deviant identity which causes you to commit your second deviance.
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institutional theory
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institutions that label; started with justice system; justice system creates crime and prisons and mental hospitals; these are places where we put individuals that come from similar backgrounds/in similar positions and you cut them off the general society; you learn so much about being a deviant, you become a professional and you can commit it again
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functional theory
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Durkheim said that crime does not have to be bad. Crime could be functional in that when crime is punished, the more boundaries of a particular community are reinforced and that is why there is crime in the community of saints
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subculture theory
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different subcultures socialize people in different ways; what is deviant in one culture may not be deviant in the other
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What are the individual strategies of coping with deviance?
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denial- it wasn't me
rationalizing- I had to pay my bills relativizing- its not like I killed someone minimizing- they're so rich, they won't even know it's gone passing, covering- nothing is different about me, I'm just like you |
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relativism
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philosophical idea that there are no absolute value, that every value judgment is from a particular point of view, makes it difficult to make a moral judgment
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nihilists
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there are no values, no trascendental justification, all there are are rationalizations of what we like and what we do, what is acceptable is what is familiar to me, and what is unfamiliar is unacceptable (whatever generation)
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collective memory
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shared pool of information held in the memories of two or more members of a group; can be passed on
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