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103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
deemed inappropriate by many within cultural norms of the situation (relative, not objective)
deviant
three types of deviance
bio-medical distinction
institutional distinction
moral distinction
abnormal
illegal
bad/immoral
actual/alleged violation of a significant norm recognized by a large number of people in society that elicits disapproval and control from society
deviance
three key elements of deviance
violation of...
recognition by...
disapproval by...
significant norm
the society
many people
social implications of deviance (Durkheim)
what are the four dysfunctions?
threatens social order, confusions about norms and values, undermines social trusts, diverts resources
social implications of deviance (Durkheim)
what are the four latent functions (positive side-effects)
clarifies/reaffirms norms
promotes social unity and cohesion
serves as a safety valve
promotes positive social change
psychological theories to deviance
reward>cost by deviation
rational choice theory (Herranstein)
psychological theories to deviance
underdevelopment of super-ego
psychoanalytic theory (Freud)
psychological theories to deviance
learning (direct or observational)
deviant behavior-->positive outcome-->doing it again!
behavioral theory (Akers)
psychological theories of deviance
imbalance in social system
Strain theory (Merton)
types of adaptation of strain theory
legitimate means for acceptable cultural goals
conformity
types of adaptation of strain theory
illegitimate means for acceptable cultural goals
innovation
types of adaptation of strain theory
compulsive adherence to legitimate means without goals
ritualism
types of adaptation of strain theory
withdrawal from goals and means altogether
retreatism
types of adaptation of strain theory
pursuit of non-conventional goals with non-conventional means
rebellion
biological theories explaining deviance
evolutional throwbacks
phrenological explanation (Lombroso)
humans are deviant by default, we aquire internal control by developing bonding to society
control theory (Hirgchi)
control theory on deviance
affection to significant others; conform because you dont want to hurt them
attachment
control theory on deviance
things that are at stake/invested; conform because don't want to lose things
commitment
control theory on deviance
engagement in conventional activities; no time and energy to deviate
involvement
control theory on deviance
sharing values/morality with others; no deviation because what you want matches what others want
belief
deviance is subculture; gap between values in one's neighborhood vs the values in society
cultural transmission theory (Shaw and McKay)
deviance is learned in close relationships (e.g. family, friends)
differential association theory (Sutherland)
process of justifying deviance--> numbing guilt and anxiety
neutralization
deviance is social construction
Labeling theory (Backer, Lamert)
Labeling theory
initial norm violation
primary deviance
labeling theory
imposition of deviant identity
labeling
labeling theory
derogation through public rituals; blocking of opportunities for legitimate roles
stigmatization
labeling theory
behaving in such a way to cause an expected event; negative treatment by others--> negative behavior as a response--> confirmation of the label by others--> start seeing oneself negatively
self-fulfilling prophecy
labeling theory
persistent deviant behavior
--> behavior that is consistent with the negative self-concept
--> excluded by normative people
secondary deviance, internal force, external force
labeling theory
reinterpretation of past behavior based on present label
retrospective labeling
transformation of moral and legal issues into medical matters; punishing offenders as "bad" vs treating them as "sick" to avoid stigmatization (everything made out as a disease)
medicalization of deviance
social control
operates on the individual even in the absence of reactions by others
internal control
social control
the ways in which others respond to a person's behavior that channel his/her behavior along culturally approved lines; societal reactions to one's behavior
external control
two dimensions of social control
institutionalized response of society; applied publicly through social rituals
formal
two dimensions of social control
enforced by people through everyday interactions
informal
social control- external control
encouraging desirable behavior
positive
social control- external control
discouraging undesirable behavior
negative
four typologies of positive and negative external social control?
formal positive, formal negative, informal positive, informal negative
sanctions that society applies to convicted criminals
corrections (punishment)
four functions of correction
imposing restrictions on the freedom of the offender; purpose: lowering recidivism rates (repeating crime)
incapacitation
four functions of correction
preventing offender from deviating again and scaring others who might be tempted into crime
deterrence
four functions of correction
reforming the offender by providing the skills and attitudes that make return to a law-abiding life possible
rehabilitation
four functions of correction
applying revenge on behalf of the victim and letting the offender learn from the experience; restitution (paying for the damage)
retribution
norms formalized by political authority; ex- _____ _____- violation of moral standards
*tend to represent norms and values of the power
criminalization; victimless crime
problems of criminalization?
clogs criminal justice system
stimulates organized crimes
crime committed by individuals who occupy positions of responsibilities or prestige in the course of their work
*great _____ impact; differential access to opportunities (by _____-_____ classes); more _____
white color crime, economic, middle-upper, tolerated
two factors of social selection of criminals?
seriousness of the offense, social status of the offender
profiles of victims of violent crimes= profile of violent criminals (more likely to be victim, more likely to be criminal)
males or females?
young or old?
urban or rural?
which ethnicity?
family or stranger?
upper middle of lower?
males, young, urban, African Americans, family, lower
an institutionalized system by which a society divides categories of people in a hierarchy; association with almost ALL aspects of social life; determines one's accessibility to life chances and rewards offered by society
Social stratification
unfair distribution of resources in society, based on social categories; rich gets richer, poor gets poorer, working poor; most "poor" who can work are working
inequality
four characteristics of stratification
justification by the upper, acceptance as "natural/right" by the lower
social system based on ascription, persistence over generations, universal, supported by beliefs
status determined by birth and is lifelong
caste system
stratification system
rigid boundaries
closed caste system
stratification system
caste system determines what?
residence, occupation, prestige and relationships
stratification system
marriage within the same stratum (social group)
endogamy
stratification system
caste system supported by beliefs as "_____"
fate
based primarily on economic statuses
social class system
stratification system
flexible boundaries
open social class system
a category of people who share similar economic occupational positions
social class
stratification system
no formal restrictions on marriage
social class system
stratification system
supported by education
social class system
a complex of factors (income, occupation, education, place of residence)
socioeconomic status
what are the three dimensions of stratification?
wealth, power, prestige
what are the two components of wealth? How do they differ between the poor and rich?
income (earnings), and assets (property), poor depreciate, rich appreciate in value
dimensions of stratification
ability to attain goals, control events, and maintain influence over others- even against opposition
power
dimensions of stratification
respect and admiration associated with a status (occupational)
prestige
movement of individuals/families in the stratification system (up or down)
social mobility
social mobility
better work performance allows you to swap places with someone of higher rank (in work place for instance)
exchange mobility
social mobility
standards of living increase and everyone has better stuff (social economic change)
structural mobility
social mobility
changes over generations doesn't happen often
intergenerational mobility
why is social mobility so challenging? three reasons
society presupposes larger lower stratum, little room left for exchange mobility, reproduction through generations
what are the characteristics of upward mobilizers?
parent's social class and education
theories of stratification
assumption: stratification is inevitable because its functional
structural-functional approach
theories of stratification
stratification is based on personal merit
meritocracy
theories of stratification
assurance of vital social roles by reward system; equal opportunities and mobility based on performance
functions of meritocracy
theories of stratification
how to measure importance? limited value>vital value? role of inheritance? equal opportunities?
criticisms of meritocracy
assumption: stratification emerges from the competition over scarce resources
Socio-conflict Approach
class conflict as the basis
Marx socio-conflict approach
two social classes (Marx socio-conflict approach)
those who possess means of production
bourgeoisie
two social classes (Marx socio-conflict approach)
those who must provide labor to make a living
proletariat
not only economic but also status and power as the bases
Weber socio-conflict approach
Weber socio-conflict
money and education--> similar life styles-->social bonds-->ingroup favoritism--->increase of power
formation of what?
status group
authority as basis
Dahrendorf socio-conflict approach
Dahrendorf socio-conflict approach
power that is regarded as legitimate by those over whom that is exercised
authority as basis
stratification between order givers versus order takers
Dahrendorf socio-conflict approach
two factors of maintaining strat
by the ruling class to preserve the system that favors their interest
control of resources
two factors of maintaining strat/control of resources
set to save the interest of the upper stratum
social institutions (laws, educ, religion)
two factors of maintaining strat/control of resources
concentration of _____,_____, and _____
wealth, power, prestige
ideology of maintaining strat
dominant ideology in society?
the ideology of the ruling class
ideology of maintaining strat/dominant ideology the ruling class
accepted by the _____ _____--> maintenance of strat
lower strata
ideology of maintaining strat
a subjective understanding of one's life situation, which unwittingly adopts views of the nt class
false consciousness
social classes in US
upper class (what percentage?)
what percentage of US wealth?
1-3%
20-25%
upper-middle class (what percentage?)
what kind of education?
how is it usually obtained?
15%
college/post-graduate education
dual income through professional occupations
lower-middle class (percentage?)
what kind of education?
high expectation for what?
25-30%
high school, some college
high expectation for inter-generational upper-mobility
working class (percentage?)
what kind of education?
what kind of division of labor?
25-35% largest
high school
traditional gendered division of labor
lower class what percentage?
15-20%
poverty
racial/ethnic minorities?
percentage of the poor within each group
blacks and Hispanics > or < whites
>
among ALL US poor
blacks and Hispanics > or < whites
<
feminization of poverty
what percentage of poor?
70%
feminization of poverty
which group of females are more likely to be poor?
never married > or < divorce
single mothers
never married
factors of poor single mothers?
young
less education-->monthly wage/unemployed
sole responsibility for child rearing
consequence of poor single mothers?
children are in poverty