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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
deemed inappropriate by many within cultural norms of the situation (relative, not objective)
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deviant
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three types of deviance
bio-medical distinction institutional distinction moral distinction |
abnormal
illegal bad/immoral |
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actual/alleged violation of a significant norm recognized by a large number of people in society that elicits disapproval and control from society
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deviance
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three key elements of deviance
violation of... recognition by... disapproval by... |
significant norm
the society many people |
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social implications of deviance (Durkheim)
what are the four dysfunctions? |
threatens social order, confusions about norms and values, undermines social trusts, diverts resources
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social implications of deviance (Durkheim)
what are the four latent functions (positive side-effects) |
clarifies/reaffirms norms
promotes social unity and cohesion serves as a safety valve promotes positive social change |
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psychological theories to deviance
reward>cost by deviation |
rational choice theory (Herranstein)
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psychological theories to deviance
underdevelopment of super-ego |
psychoanalytic theory (Freud)
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psychological theories to deviance
learning (direct or observational) deviant behavior-->positive outcome-->doing it again! |
behavioral theory (Akers)
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psychological theories of deviance
imbalance in social system |
Strain theory (Merton)
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types of adaptation of strain theory
legitimate means for acceptable cultural goals |
conformity
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types of adaptation of strain theory
illegitimate means for acceptable cultural goals |
innovation
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types of adaptation of strain theory
compulsive adherence to legitimate means without goals |
ritualism
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types of adaptation of strain theory
withdrawal from goals and means altogether |
retreatism
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types of adaptation of strain theory
pursuit of non-conventional goals with non-conventional means |
rebellion
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biological theories explaining deviance
evolutional throwbacks |
phrenological explanation (Lombroso)
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humans are deviant by default, we aquire internal control by developing bonding to society
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control theory (Hirgchi)
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control theory on deviance
affection to significant others; conform because you dont want to hurt them |
attachment
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control theory on deviance
things that are at stake/invested; conform because don't want to lose things |
commitment
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control theory on deviance
engagement in conventional activities; no time and energy to deviate |
involvement
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control theory on deviance
sharing values/morality with others; no deviation because what you want matches what others want |
belief
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deviance is subculture; gap between values in one's neighborhood vs the values in society
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cultural transmission theory (Shaw and McKay)
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deviance is learned in close relationships (e.g. family, friends)
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differential association theory (Sutherland)
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process of justifying deviance--> numbing guilt and anxiety
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neutralization
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deviance is social construction
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Labeling theory (Backer, Lamert)
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Labeling theory
initial norm violation |
primary deviance
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labeling theory
imposition of deviant identity |
labeling
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labeling theory
derogation through public rituals; blocking of opportunities for legitimate roles |
stigmatization
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labeling theory
behaving in such a way to cause an expected event; negative treatment by others--> negative behavior as a response--> confirmation of the label by others--> start seeing oneself negatively |
self-fulfilling prophecy
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labeling theory
persistent deviant behavior --> behavior that is consistent with the negative self-concept --> excluded by normative people |
secondary deviance, internal force, external force
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labeling theory
reinterpretation of past behavior based on present label |
retrospective labeling
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transformation of moral and legal issues into medical matters; punishing offenders as "bad" vs treating them as "sick" to avoid stigmatization (everything made out as a disease)
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medicalization of deviance
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social control
operates on the individual even in the absence of reactions by others |
internal control
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social control
the ways in which others respond to a person's behavior that channel his/her behavior along culturally approved lines; societal reactions to one's behavior |
external control
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two dimensions of social control
institutionalized response of society; applied publicly through social rituals |
formal
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two dimensions of social control
enforced by people through everyday interactions |
informal
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social control- external control
encouraging desirable behavior |
positive
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social control- external control
discouraging undesirable behavior |
negative
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four typologies of positive and negative external social control?
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formal positive, formal negative, informal positive, informal negative
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sanctions that society applies to convicted criminals
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corrections (punishment)
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four functions of correction
imposing restrictions on the freedom of the offender; purpose: lowering recidivism rates (repeating crime) |
incapacitation
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four functions of correction
preventing offender from deviating again and scaring others who might be tempted into crime |
deterrence
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four functions of correction
reforming the offender by providing the skills and attitudes that make return to a law-abiding life possible |
rehabilitation
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four functions of correction
applying revenge on behalf of the victim and letting the offender learn from the experience; restitution (paying for the damage) |
retribution
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norms formalized by political authority; ex- _____ _____- violation of moral standards
*tend to represent norms and values of the power |
criminalization; victimless crime
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problems of criminalization?
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clogs criminal justice system
stimulates organized crimes |
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crime committed by individuals who occupy positions of responsibilities or prestige in the course of their work
*great _____ impact; differential access to opportunities (by _____-_____ classes); more _____ |
white color crime, economic, middle-upper, tolerated
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two factors of social selection of criminals?
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seriousness of the offense, social status of the offender
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profiles of victims of violent crimes= profile of violent criminals (more likely to be victim, more likely to be criminal)
males or females? young or old? urban or rural? which ethnicity? family or stranger? upper middle of lower? |
males, young, urban, African Americans, family, lower
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an institutionalized system by which a society divides categories of people in a hierarchy; association with almost ALL aspects of social life; determines one's accessibility to life chances and rewards offered by society
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Social stratification
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unfair distribution of resources in society, based on social categories; rich gets richer, poor gets poorer, working poor; most "poor" who can work are working
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inequality
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four characteristics of stratification
justification by the upper, acceptance as "natural/right" by the lower |
social system based on ascription, persistence over generations, universal, supported by beliefs
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status determined by birth and is lifelong
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caste system
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stratification system
rigid boundaries |
closed caste system
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stratification system
caste system determines what? |
residence, occupation, prestige and relationships
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stratification system
marriage within the same stratum (social group) |
endogamy
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stratification system
caste system supported by beliefs as "_____" |
fate
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based primarily on economic statuses
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social class system
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stratification system
flexible boundaries |
open social class system
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a category of people who share similar economic occupational positions
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social class
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stratification system
no formal restrictions on marriage |
social class system
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stratification system
supported by education |
social class system
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a complex of factors (income, occupation, education, place of residence)
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socioeconomic status
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what are the three dimensions of stratification?
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wealth, power, prestige
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what are the two components of wealth? How do they differ between the poor and rich?
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income (earnings), and assets (property), poor depreciate, rich appreciate in value
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dimensions of stratification
ability to attain goals, control events, and maintain influence over others- even against opposition |
power
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dimensions of stratification
respect and admiration associated with a status (occupational) |
prestige
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movement of individuals/families in the stratification system (up or down)
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social mobility
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social mobility
better work performance allows you to swap places with someone of higher rank (in work place for instance) |
exchange mobility
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social mobility
standards of living increase and everyone has better stuff (social economic change) |
structural mobility
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social mobility
changes over generations doesn't happen often |
intergenerational mobility
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why is social mobility so challenging? three reasons
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society presupposes larger lower stratum, little room left for exchange mobility, reproduction through generations
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what are the characteristics of upward mobilizers?
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parent's social class and education
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theories of stratification
assumption: stratification is inevitable because its functional |
structural-functional approach
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theories of stratification
stratification is based on personal merit |
meritocracy
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theories of stratification
assurance of vital social roles by reward system; equal opportunities and mobility based on performance |
functions of meritocracy
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theories of stratification
how to measure importance? limited value>vital value? role of inheritance? equal opportunities? |
criticisms of meritocracy
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assumption: stratification emerges from the competition over scarce resources
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Socio-conflict Approach
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class conflict as the basis
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Marx socio-conflict approach
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two social classes (Marx socio-conflict approach)
those who possess means of production |
bourgeoisie
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two social classes (Marx socio-conflict approach)
those who must provide labor to make a living |
proletariat
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not only economic but also status and power as the bases
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Weber socio-conflict approach
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Weber socio-conflict
money and education--> similar life styles-->social bonds-->ingroup favoritism--->increase of power formation of what? |
status group
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authority as basis
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Dahrendorf socio-conflict approach
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Dahrendorf socio-conflict approach
power that is regarded as legitimate by those over whom that is exercised |
authority as basis
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stratification between order givers versus order takers
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Dahrendorf socio-conflict approach
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two factors of maintaining strat
by the ruling class to preserve the system that favors their interest |
control of resources
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two factors of maintaining strat/control of resources
set to save the interest of the upper stratum |
social institutions (laws, educ, religion)
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two factors of maintaining strat/control of resources
concentration of _____,_____, and _____ |
wealth, power, prestige
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ideology of maintaining strat
dominant ideology in society? |
the ideology of the ruling class
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ideology of maintaining strat/dominant ideology the ruling class
accepted by the _____ _____--> maintenance of strat |
lower strata
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ideology of maintaining strat
a subjective understanding of one's life situation, which unwittingly adopts views of the nt class |
false consciousness
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social classes in US
upper class (what percentage?) what percentage of US wealth? |
1-3%
20-25% |
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upper-middle class (what percentage?)
what kind of education? how is it usually obtained? |
15%
college/post-graduate education dual income through professional occupations |
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lower-middle class (percentage?)
what kind of education? high expectation for what? |
25-30%
high school, some college high expectation for inter-generational upper-mobility |
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working class (percentage?)
what kind of education? what kind of division of labor? |
25-35% largest
high school traditional gendered division of labor |
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lower class what percentage?
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15-20%
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poverty
racial/ethnic minorities? percentage of the poor within each group blacks and Hispanics > or < whites |
>
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among ALL US poor
blacks and Hispanics > or < whites |
<
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feminization of poverty
what percentage of poor? |
70%
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feminization of poverty
which group of females are more likely to be poor? never married > or < divorce |
single mothers
never married |
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factors of poor single mothers?
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young
less education-->monthly wage/unemployed sole responsibility for child rearing |
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consequence of poor single mothers?
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children are in poverty
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