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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Advocacy Research
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Scientific research pursued to support a particular position
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BCE & CE
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Secular abbreviation for contemporary calenders. CE reders to the "common era" and BCE to "before the common era" instead of referring to the birth of Jesus Christ as the marker
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Charismatic Leader
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A person whose extraordinary personal qualities touch people enough to break with tradition and follow him/her
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Christianity
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The World's largest religion today, it was founded 2,000 years ago by disciples of Jesus, who declared him God's son
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Civil Religion
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Robert Bellah's term for secular rituals that, much like religious practices, create intense emotional bonds among people
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Confucianism
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Ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese said Confucius that focuses primarily on secular ethics and the cultivation of the civilized individual to create a civilized and peaceful society
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Cult
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The simplest form of religious organizations, characterized typically by fervent believers and a single idea of leader
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Cultural Universal
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Rituals, customs, and symbols that are evident in all societies
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Denomination
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A large-scale, extremely organized religious body with established hierarchy and methods for credentialing administrators
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Disinterestedness
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The scientific norm that stipulates research should not be pursued for personal goals but in pursuit of scientific truth
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Ecclesiae
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Religious institutions so pervasive that the boundary between church and state is nonexistent and in which the clerical elite also serves as the political elite
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Empirical Verification
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The scientific way of learning answers to questions, in which knowledge is developed, demonstrated, and double-checked through experiments
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Fundamentalism
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The extreme end of many religions, fundamentalism tries to return to the basic precepts, the "true word of God", and live exactly according to his precepts
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Hinduism
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Developed in India around 1500 BCE, it believes in may gods, but most of the time people revere one of the three: Brahman (creator of life): Vishnu (preserver of life): Shiva ( destroyer or re newer of life). 900 million Hindus, mainly South Asia and in Indian comm. world wide
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Islam
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Founded about 1400 years ago when God was displeased by the corruptions of earlier prophets and gave his last prophet, Mohamed, a new sacred text, the Koran. It requires the fusion of religion and government and has 2 main branches - Shi'ite and Sunni
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Jihad
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A holy war
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Judaism
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The first monotheistic religion; believes the covenant of Jewish law. 15 million Jews world wide.
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Liberation theology
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A movement within the Catholic Church in Latin America that was a source of popular mobilization for social change. Liberation theology stressed the nobility of the poor and promoted a religious response to hunger, disease, and poverty
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New Age
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An umbrella term for many groups that practice and develop a distinct spirituality. New Age groups draw on organized religions and even traditions like astrology and a belief in outer space.
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Objectivity
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The scientific norm that stipulates knowledge must be on objective criteria, not political agendas or personal preferences
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Profane
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Anything in our everyday lives that is non-religious in subject matter, form or use or is marked by contempt or irreverence for what is sacred
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religion
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a set of beliefs about the origins and meaning of lie, usually based on the existence of a supernatural power
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Religiosity
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The extent of one's religious belief, typically measured by attendance at religious observances or maintaining religious practices
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Revelation
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A religious way of learning answers to fundamental questions of existence; God, spirits, or sacred books reveal what we need to know
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Rituals
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Enactments by which members of a culture engage in a routine behavior to express their sense of belonging to the culture
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Sacred
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A place time object or person in which the worlds of the spiritual and the worldly come together
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Science
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the accumalted systematic knowledge of the physical or material world obtained through experimentation and observation
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Sect
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A small subculture within an established religious institution
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Secularization
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the process of moving away from religion and toward the worldly
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Syncretic religions
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religions that do not forbid one's practicing other religions at the same time such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism, and others
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Third Awakening
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What some term a current religious revival in the U.S. that further democratizes spirituality, making a relationship with the sacred attainable to even greater numbers of American, with even less efort or religious discipline
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World religions
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Those religions with long histories, well-established traditions, and the flexibility to adapt to many different cultures
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Adonis complex
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Term coined by psychiatrist Harrison Pope and his colleagues for the belief that men must look like Greek gods, with perfect chins, thick hair, rippling muscles, and washboard abdominals
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Alternative medicine
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Any of a variety of systems of healing or treating disease, including chiropractic, herbal treatments, homeopathy, meditation and yoga that are no included in the Western medicine curricula and may not have been scientifically tested for safety or effectivemness
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Anorexia nervosa
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A potentially fatal syndrome characterized by chronic and dangerous starvation dieting and obsessive exercise
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Bulimia
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A potentially fatal syndrome characterized by food "binging and purging" (eating large quantities and then either vomitting or taking ememas to excrete it)
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Deinstitutionalization
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The mental health movement of the 1970s that relocated mental health patients into halfway houses and community-based organizations in an effort to help them reintegrate into society
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Disability
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According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities"
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Drug
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Any substance that, when ingested into the body, changes the body's functioning in some way
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Epidemiolgy
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The study of the causes and distribution of disease and disability
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Health
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A state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing, not simply the absence of disease, according to the World Health Organization
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Medicalization
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The current social tendency to assign virtually all aspects of helth and illness an exclusively medical meaning
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Mental illness
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"Any of various psychatric disorders or diseases, usually charaterized by impairment of thought mood or behavior" according to the American Heritage Dictionary
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Morbidity Rate
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The rates of new infections from disease
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Mortality Rate
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The number of deaths per year for every thousand people
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Muscle Dysmorphia
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A belief that one is insufficiently muscular
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Secondhand Smoke
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Tobacco smoke that is inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people smoking; led to ban of smoking in planes, movies theaters, restaurants, bars and public offices
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Social Epidemiology
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The focus on these social behavioral factors that influence the causes and distribution of disease and disability
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Stigmatized Identity
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An identity where the individual loses his or her claim to be normal. This leads to a perception that a person or group is somehow responsible for their illness and that it is their fault
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Transgenderism
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"persistent discomfort and sense of inappropiateness about their assigned sex (feeling trapped in the wrong body)" ; and rather than change their gender, they change their biological sex to match their felt gender
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Charter Schools
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Privatization-orientated school reform initiative in which schools are financed through taxpayer funds but administered privately
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Credential Society
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A society based more on the credentialing aspects of education than any substantive knowledge
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Education
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A social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge-basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values
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For-profit universities
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These institiutions of higher learning are proprietary and are characterized by lower tuition cost and a faster path to degrees for students. Facilities are usually limited, and faculty is not tenured.
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Hidden curriculum
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Means of socialization through which education not only creates social inequalities, but makes them seem natural, normal and inevitable
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Integration
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The physical intermingling of the races organized as a concerted legal and social effort to bring equal access and racial equality through racial mixing in institutions and communities
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Scientific literacy
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The knowledge and understanding of the scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making, participation in civic and cultural affairs, and economic productivity
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Segregation
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The practice of physically separating Whites from other races by law and custom in institutions and communities
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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Term coined by Robert K. Merton in 1949 to name the phenomenon that when you expect something to happen, it usually does
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Tracking
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Common in American schools, this system groups students according to their scholastic ability
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Voucher System
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First proposed in 1955, a free-market approach to school reform in which taxpayer funds are used to pay for students' tuition at private schools, ostensibly upping competition and increasing quality in public schools
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Demographic Transition Theory
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Frank Notestein's (1945) theory that the population and technology spur each others development
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Demography
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The scientific study of human populations, its one of the oldest and most popular branches of sociology. Concerned with stats of birth, death, and migration.
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Ecosystems
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An interdependent system in which the animals, plants and the material substances that make up the physcial world live.
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Emigration rate
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Outflow of people from one society to another
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Fecundity
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The maximum number of children a woman could have during her childbearing years.
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Fertility
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The number of children a woman bears
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Fertility Rate
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The number of children that would be born to each woman if she lived through her childbearing years with the average fertility of her age group
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Gentrification
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The process bu which poorer urban neighborhoods are "upgraded" through renovation
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Human Ecology
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A social discipline that looks at the relations among people in their shared environments
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Immigration rate
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The number of people entering a territory each year for every thousand of the population
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Infant Mortality Rate
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The number of deaths per year in each thousand infants (up to one year)
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Internal Migration
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Moving from one region to another within a territory
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Life Expectancy
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The average number of years a person can expect to live; varies greatly by country and region
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Malthusian Theory
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Thomas Robert Malthus theory that held population would increase by geometric progression, doubling in each generation-a man and a woman would have four children and those four would have eight and those eight sixteen and so on, leading to mass starvation, environmental disaster and eventual human extinction
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Mechanical solidarity
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Durkheim's term for a traditional society where life is uniform and people are similiar. They share a common culture and sense of morality that bonds them.
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Megalopolis
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A term coined by Jean Gottmann in 1961 to describe the integration of large cities and sprawling suburbs into a single organic urbanized unit, such as "Bo Wash" the Boston and Washington DC corridor that includes New York and Phili & suburbs
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Natural Population increase
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Simple calculation of the number of deaths every year subtracted from the number of births
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Population Composition
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The comparative numbers of men and women and various age groups in an area, region, or country
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Population density
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The number of people per square mile or kilometer
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Population Pyramid
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Type of graph that shows five-or ten year age groups as different-sized bars, or "blocks"
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Suburbs
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A residential community outside of a city but always existing in relationship to the city
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Zero Population Growth
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Paul Erlich's modern solution to the Malthus's concerns, it entails a global effort to ensure that the number of births does not exceed the number of deaths, providing global population stability, a decrease in poor countries, and a redistribution of resources to those countries
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