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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ambilineal |
a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father's or mother's side exclusively |
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bigamy |
the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person |
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bilateral descent |
the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines |
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cohabitation |
when a couple shares a residence but is not married |
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extended family |
a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins |
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family life course |
a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages |
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family life cycle |
a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time |
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family of orientation |
the family into which one is born |
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family of procreation |
a family that is formed through marriage |
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family |
socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society |
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intimate partner violence (IPV) |
violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship |
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kinship |
a person's traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, or adoption) |
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marriage |
a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship |
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matrilineal descent |
a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother's side only |
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matrilocal residence |
a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with his wife's family |
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monogamy |
when someone is married to only one person at a time |
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nuclear family |
two parents (traditionally a husband and a wife) and children living in the same household |
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patrilineal descent |
a type of unilateral descent that follows the father's line only |
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patrilocal residence |
a system in which it is customary for the life to live with, or near, her husband's family |
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polygamy |
the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time |
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polyandry |
a form of marriage in which one women is married to more than one man at a time |
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polygyny |
a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at a time |
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shaken baby syndrome |
a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head |
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unilateral descent |
the tracing of kinship through one parent only |
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animism |
the religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings, like animals, plants and objects of the natural world |
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atheism |
belief in no deities |
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cults |
religious groups that are small, secretive, and highly controlling of members and have a charismatic leader |
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denomination |
a large, mainstream religion that is not sponsored by the state |
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ecclesia |
a religion that is considered the state religion |
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established sects |
sects that last but do not become denominations |
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liberation theology |
the use of a church to promote social change via the political arena |
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megachurch |
a Christian church that has a very large congregation averaging more than 2,000 people who attend regular weekly services |
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monotheism |
a religion based on belief in a single deity |
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polytheism |
a religion based on belief in multiple deities |
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religion |
a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person holds to be sacred or spiritually significant |
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religious beliefs |
specific ideas that members of a particular faith hold to be true |
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religious experience |
the conviction or sensation that one is connected to the "divine" |
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religious rituals |
behaviors or practices that are either required for or expected of the members of a particular group |
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sect |
a small, new offshoot of a denomination |
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totemism |
belief in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings |
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credentialism |
the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has certain skills, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications |
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cultural capital |
cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture |
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cultural transmission |
the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their cultures |
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education |
a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms |
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formal education |
the learning of academic facts and concepts
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grade inflation |
the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level with A-level work a few decades ago |
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Head start program |
a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status |
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hidden curriculum |
the type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission |
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informal education |
learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society |
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no child left behind act |
requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those test determining the eligibility to receive federal funding |
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social placement |
the use of education to improve one's social standing |
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sorting |
classifying students based on academic merit or potential |
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tracking |
a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities |
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universal access |
the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system |
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automation |
workers being replaced by technology |
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bartering |
when people exchange one form of goods or services for another |
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capitalism |
an economic system in which there is private ownership (as opposed to state ownership) and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth |
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career inheritance |
when children tend to enter the same or similar occupation as their parents |
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commodities |
physical objects we find, grow, or make to meet our needs and those of others |
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convergence theory |
a sociological theory to explain how and why societies move toward similarity over time as their economies develop |
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depression |
a sustained recession across several economic sectors |
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economy |
the social institution through which a society's resources (goods and services) are managed |
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global assembly lines |
where products are assembled over the course of several international transactions |
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global cities |
cities that headquarter multinational corporations, exercise significant international political influence, most headquarters of international nongovernment organizations, host influential media, and host advanced communication and transportation infrastructure |
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global commodity chains |
where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing |
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market socialism |
a subtype of socialism that adopts certain traits of capitalism, like allowing limited private ownership or consulting market demand |
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mercantilism |
an economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and custom charges |
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money |
an object that a society agrees to assign a value so it can be exchanged as payment |
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mutualism |
a form of socialism under which individuals and cooperative groups exchange products with on another on the basis of mutually satisfactory contracts |
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outsourcing |
when jobs are contracted to an outside source, often in another country |
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polarization |
when the differences between low-end and high-end jobs becomes greater and the number of people in the middle level decreases |
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recession |
when there are two or more consecutive quarters of economic decline |
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services |
activities that benefit people, such as healthcare, education, and entertainment |
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socialism |
an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as “staterun”) of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally amongthe members of a society
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structural unemployment |
when there is a societal level of disjuncture between people seekingjobs and the jobs that are available
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subsistence farming |
when farmers grow only enough to feed themselves and their families |
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underemployment |
a state in which a person accepts a lower paying, lower status job then his or her education and experience qualifies him or her to perform |
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xenophobia |
an illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods |
