Sociology Final

Front 1

Deviance

Back 1

the recognized violation of cultural norms

Front 2

Crime

Back 2

the violation of a society’s enacted criminal law

Front 3

Social control

Back 3

attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior

Front 4

Criminal justice system

Back 4

a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law

Front 5

Labeling theory-

Back 5

the assertion that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

Front 6

Stigma

Back 6

a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity

Front 7

Medicalization of deviance

Back 7

the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

Front 8

White-collar crime

Back 8

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

Front 9

Corporate crime

Back 9

the illegal actions of a corporation of people acting on its behalf

Front 10

Organized crime

Back 10

a business supplying illegal goods or services

Front 11

Hate crime

Back 11

a criminal act against a person or a person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

Front 12

Crimes against the person (violent crimes)

Back 12

crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others

Front 13

Crimes against property (property crimes)

Back 13

crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others

Front 14

Victimless crimes (crimes without complaint)-

Back 14

violations of law in which there are no obvious victims

Front 15

Plea bargaining

Back 15

a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant’s guilty plea

Front 16

Retribution

Back 16

an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime

Front 17

Deterrence

Back 17

the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment

Front 18

Rehabilitation

Back 18

a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses

Front 19

Societal protection

Back 19

rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution.

Front 20

Criminal recidivism

Back 20

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

Front 21

Community-based corrections

Back 21

correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls.

Front 22

Kinship

Back 22

a social institution that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children

Front 23

Family unit

Back 23

a social group of two or more people, related by blood, marriage, or adoption, who usually live together

Front 24

Marriage

Back 24

a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexually activity and childbearing, that people expect to last.

Front 25

Extended family

Back 25

a family unit that includes parent and children as well as other kin; also known as the consanguine family

Front 26

Nuclear family

Back 26

a family unit composed of one or two parents and their children; also known as the conjugal family

Front 27

Endogamy

Back 27

marriage between people of the same social category

Front 28

Exogamy

Back 28

marriage between people of different social categories

Front 29

Monogamy

Back 29

marriage that units two partners

Front 30

Polygamy

Back 30

marriage that units three or more people

Front 31

Descent

Back 31

the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

Front 32

Incest taboo

Back 32

a norm forbidding sexual people with the same social characteristics

Front 33

Homogamy

Back 33

marriage between people with the same social characteristics

Front 34

Cohabitation

Back 34

the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple

Front 35

Profane

Back 35

an ordinary element of everyday life

Front 36

Sacred

Back 36

set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence

Front 37

Religion

Back 37

a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on a conception of the sacred

Front 38

Faith

Back 38

belief based on conviction rather than scientific evidence

Front 39

Totem

Back 39

an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred

Front 40

Liberation theology

Back 40

the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character

Front 41

Church

Back 41

a type of religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society

Front 42

State church

Back 42

a church formally allied with that state

Front 43

Denomination

Back 43

a church, independent of the state that recognizes religious pluralism

Front 44

Sect

Back 44

a type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society

Front 45

Charisma

Back 45

extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers

Front 46

Cult

Back 46

a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural transitions

Front 47

Animism

Back 47

the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity

Front 48

Religiosity

Back 48

the importance of religion in a person’s life

Front 49

Secularization

Back 49

the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred

Front 50

Civil religion

Back 50

a quasi-religious loyalty binding individual in a basically secular society

Front 51

Fundamentalism

Back 51

a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring transitional, otherworldly religion.