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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is devience? |
The recognized violation of cultural norms. |
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What is crime? |
The violation of society's formally enacted laws |
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Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior |
Social control |
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Organizations that respond to alleged violations of the law |
Criminal justice system |
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This Italian doctor theorized that criminals are physically different, more ape-like |
Cesare Lombroso |
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This theorist believed general body type might predict criminality, conducting a study that found young boys of athletic build more likely to be involved in crimes. |
William Sheldon |
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Deviance is always a matter of _______. |
Difference |
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What theoretical team studied good boys vs bad boys and analyzed their level of conscience? |
Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz |
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What is the name of the theory established by Reckless and Dinitz? |
Containment theory |
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What are the three social foundations of deviance? |
Deviance varies according to the social norm People become deviant when others define them that way How societies set norms & define rule breaking both involve social power |
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Who claimed that there is nothing abnormal about devience? |
Emile Durkheim |
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What are the four essential functions of devience according to Durkheim? |
Affirms cultural values Clarifies moral boundaries Brings people together Encourages social change |
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How does devience define values and norms? |
All definitions of virtue rely on opposing ideas of vice; no good without evil. |
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Why does responding to devience clarify moral boundaries? |
It shows right from wrong by giving an example, such as a college disciplining cheaters |
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How does devience bring people together? |
Through shared outrage or grief, which reaffirms the moral ties between them |
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How does devience encourage social change? |
By pushing the boundaries of society's accepted norms, encouraging change. Think rock and roll and hip hop. |
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Who conducted the classic study of the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay? |
Kai Erikson |
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What statement did the Puritans study illustrate? |
Durkheim's statement that the perfect and upright man judges his smallest failings with a recertify that the majority reserve for acts more truly in the nature of an offence |
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What did Erikson discover on the Puritans study? |
That even though their definition of offensive changed, the number of offenders was steady. This a small number of deviants were constantly present, reinforcing the moral shape of the society |
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Which theorist argued that society can be set up in a way that encourages too much devience? |
Robert Merton |
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What is the name of Robert Merton's theory? |
Strain theory |
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What is the Strain Theory of Deviance? |
Strain theory states that the extent and type of devience people engage in depends on whether society provides the means to achieve cultural goals. |
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Define 'means' as it pertains to strain theory. |
Schooling, jobs, opportunity. |
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Define cultural goals in the context of strain theory. |
Financial success, social success |
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According to strain theory, how does one achieve conformity? |
Through pursuing cultural goals through approved means |
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What is innovation devience? |
When individuals engage in stealing, drug dealing, or other forms of street crime (unconventional means) to achieve a culturally approved goal (wealth) |
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What is ritualism? |
When an individual does not care about the goal (wealth) but completed the means (job) in order to conform and be respectable |
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How is retreatism defined? |
Rejection of both cultural goals and conventional means; drop-outs. |
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What is rebellion? |
Rejecting both society's goals and means and instead creating a counterculture supporting alternative to the existing social order |
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Which two theorists expanded Merton's strain theory into the concept of relative opportunity structure? |
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin |
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What is relative opportunity structure? |
The idea that crime arises from both limited legal opportunity and ready access to illegal opportunity--an opportunities framework that surrounds your life |
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What is a criminal subculture? |
A criminal organization such as the mob, Mafia, a test gang, etc |
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Conflict subculture is made up of ________________. |
Armed street gangs that engage in violence out of frustration and a desire for respect |
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Deviant subculture is made up of _______________. |
Deviants who drop out of society and abuse alcohol or drugs |
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This theorist suggested that delinquency is highest among lower class youth due to lack of opportunity |
Albert Cohen |
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What six traits did Walter Miller active to delinquent subcultures? |
Trouble (from freq. conflicts) Toughness (value on being strong) Smartness (con others) Need for Excitement Belief in Fate Desire for Freedom |
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Which theorist examined participation in gangs and living by street codes? |
Elijah Anderson |
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What is labeling theory? |
The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions |
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Which theorist defined primary and secondary devience? |
Edwin Lemert |
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Which type of devience provokes a slight reaction from others and has little effect on someone's life? |
Primary devience |
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When an individual has taken on a deviant identity and repeatedly breaks rules, rejecting those who are critical, it is known as _______. |
Secondary devience |
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Who defined the term deviant career and what does it mean? |
Erving Goffman; the path a person takes once he or she has passed secondary devience and continues with the same behaviors |
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A powerful, negative label that greatly changes a person's self concept and social identity |
Stigma |
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Harold Garfinkle defined this as an event in which an entire community formally stigmatizes an individual |
Degradation ceremony |
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Interpreting someone's past in terms of present devience |
Retrospective labeling |
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Using a person's deviant identity to predict the future |
Projective labeling |
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The transformation of moral and legal devience into a medical condition |
Medicalization of devience |
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List three consequences of defining deviance as a moral vs medical issue. |
It affects who responds It affects how they respond It determines the personal competence of the deviant individual (are they sick? Or responsible for their actions?) |
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A person's tendency toward conformity or devience depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior. This is known as _______. |
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland) |
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Which theorist developed control theory? |
Travis Hirschi |
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Control theory states: |
Social control depends on people anticipating the consequences of their behavior |
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List the four types of social controls under Hirschi's theory |
Attachment Opportunity Involvement Belief |
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Who said that nuts and sluts are powerless and what theory is it based on? |
Alexander Liazos; social conflict theory |
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Name three ways social conflict theory illustrated power-related devience issues |
Social norms reflect the interests of the rich and powerful The powerful have the means to resist the deviant label A widespread belief that laws are good make their political character |
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Of the four types of deviance theories, which is the only micro-level theory? Structural-Functional Symbolic-Interaction Social-Conflict Race-Conflic and Feminist |
Symbolic-Interaction |
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List four examples of deviance as punishment for interference with capitalism |
Poor who steal from Rich are prime deviants Those who can not or will not work are deviant Those who resist authority are deviant Those who directly challenge capitalist status quo are deviant |
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Which theorist defined the capitalism deviance connection? |
Steven Spitzer |
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A crime committed by people of high social position during the course of their occupation |
White collar crime |
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The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf |
Corporate crime |
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A business supplying illegal goods or services |
Organized crime |
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A criminal act against a person or persons property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias |
Hate crime |
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What two elements comprise all crimes? |
The act itself and the criminal intent-- the guilty mind (mens rea) |
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Crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others |
Crimes against the person; violent crimes |
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Crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others |
Crimes against property; Property crimes |
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Violations of the law in which there are no obvious victims |
Victimless crimes; crimes without complaint |
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This simple idea states that the criminal justice system must operate according to law |
Due process |
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What does due process guarantee? |
Fair notice of legal proceedings The opportunity to present a defence during a hearing on the charges A judge or jury that weighs evidence impartially |
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What six criteria do police use when judging a situation? |
Seriousness of situation, victim's wishes, cooperation of suspect, prior contact with suspect, presence of observers, race. |
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A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendants guilty plea |
Plea bargain |
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An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime |
Retribution |
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The attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment |
Deterrence |
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A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offences |
Rehabilitation |
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Rendering an offender incapable of further offences temporarily through imprisonment or permanently through execution |
Societal protection |
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How many states still have a death penalty |
33 |
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Give four reasons the death penalty is declining in use |
The crime rate is lower Concerns that it is applied unjustly Availability of life in prison without parole High cost of prosecuting capital cases |
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Correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls |
Community based corrections |
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A policy permitting a convicted offender to remain in the community under conditions imposed by the court |
Probation |
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A strategy where an offender is sent to prison for a short time then placed on probation for the remainder of the sentence |
Shock probation |
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A policy of releasing inmates to serve the remainder of their sentence in the community under supervision |
Parole |
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List the most dangerous cities |
10) Kansas City, MO 9) Newark, NJ. 8) Birmingham, AL 7) Milwaukee, WI 6) Baltimore, MD 5) Cleveland, OH 4) St Louis, MO 3) Memphis, TN 2) Oakland, CA 1) Detroit, MI |
