Sociology Final

Front 1

Cultural deviance theories

Back 1

- crime is caused by a set of values that exist in disadvantaged neighbourhoods

- lower-class people have a different set of values, which tends to conflict with the values of the middle class.

- when lower-class persons conform to their own value system, they may be violating middle-class norms

Front 2

Differential association theory

Back 2

people learn to commit crime as a result of contact with antisocial values, attitudes, and criminal behaviour patterns

- social influences that people encounter determine their behaviour

- Whether a person becomes law-abiding or criminal depends on contacts with criminal values, attitudes, definitions, and behaviour patterns.

Front 3

Culture conflict theory

Back 3

different groups learn different conduct norms (rules governing behaviour) and that the conduct norms of some groups may clash with conventional middle-class rules.

Front 4

deviance

Back 4

behaviour that members of a social group define as violating their norms

Front 5

Sutherland's Theory

(Principles of Criminology)

Back 5

states that crime is learned through social interaction. People come into constant contact with “definitions favourable to violations of law” and “definitions unfavourable to violations of law.” The ratio of these definitions—criminal to non-criminal—determines whether a person will engage in criminal behaviour

Front 6

Sutherland's Nine Propositions (1-5)

Back 6

1. Criminal behaviour is learned

2. Crime is learned by participating with others in verbal and non-verbal communications. (interaction)

3. learning is principally from intimate personal groups (fam + friends). outweigh media influence

4. learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, (b) motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes

5. learned motives determine if legal codes are favourable or unfavourable

Front 7

Sutherland's Nine Propositions (cont. 6-7)

Back 7

6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favourable to violation of law over unfavourable. (key principle of differential association)

7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. The extent to which associations and definitions will result in criminality is related to the frequency of contacts, their duration, and their meaning to the individual.

Front 8

Sutherland's Nine Propositions (cont. 8-9)

Back 8

8. Learning criminal behaviour patterns is very much like learning conventional behaviour patterns and is not simply a matter of observation and imitation.

9. Although criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since non-criminal behaviour is an expression of the same needs and values.

Front 9

James Short

Back 9

tested a sample of 126 boys and 50 girls at a training school and reported a consistent relationship between delinquent behaviour and frequency, duration, priority, and intensity of interactions with delinquent peers

Front 10

Travis Hirschi

Back 10

demonstrated that boys with delinquent friends are more likely to become delinquent.

Front 11

Mark Warr

Back 11

demonstrated that while the duration of delinquent friendships over a long period of time has a greater effect than exposure over a short period, it is recent friendships rather than early friendships that have the greatest effect on delinquency

Front 12

Conventional Crime

Back 12

bulk of crime, mostly minor

most minor property crime is level 1 assault and sexual assault

Front 13

MacGuire's 3 levels of conventional crime

Back 13

* High: professional

Front 14

Larceny

Back 14

* Key Elements: stealth and rightful access (accused is rightfully allowed to be in the location

Front 15

Burglary / B&E

Back 15

unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft

Key Elements: No requirement of theft to charge, trespassing

Front 16

Robbery

Back 16

theft of another’s property with the threat of violence against the victim (physical coercion)

Key Elements: threat or execution of physical violence against the victim

Front 17

Assault

Back 17

unlawful physical harm committed against the victim

Front 18

Levels of Assault

Back 18

Level 1: 85% of all assault charges laid. no serious bodily harm intended or inflicted

Level 2: 10% of all assault

use of a weapon, infliction of bodily harm

Level 3: 5% of all assault charges

intent to commit serious bodily harm (aggravated as

Front 19

Hindelang - Lifestyle/Exposure Theory

Back 19

Probability of victimisation varies by time, space and social setting

Front 20

Variables of Lifestyle/Exposure Theory

Back 20

amount of time spent in public places

time of day spent in these places

amount of time spent with non-family members

demographic similarities with offenders

appearance of being a “convenient” victim

Front 21

Defensible Space (Oscar Newman)

Back 21

Crime prevention through environmental design

Study from New York found that higher crime rates exist in high rise apartments than in lower housing projects. e.g Pruitt Igoe

Front 22

Four Pillars Approach

Back 22

- Treatment

- Harm Reduction

- Prevention

- Enforcement

Front 23

Examples of Treatments (4 Pillars)

Back 23

- decreasing preventable deaths and illnesses; detox; safe injection sites; methadone treatment; alcohol abuse treatment; housing

Front 24

Examples of Harm Reduction

Back 24

- safe injection sites; needle exchange; emergency response to overdoses; education & counseling; access to condoms and clean injection equipment

Front 25

Examples of Prevention

Back 25

* people make choices based on what’s available to them so abuse, poverty, family history of addiction must be dealt with through education, counseling, creating alternative avenues for choice (training, jobs, housing, community support)

Front 26

Examples of Enforcement

Back 26

visibility (community policing), root source focus (organised crime, drug dealing, drug business). Target dealers, not users

Front 27

Latent Functions of Criminal Behavior

Back 27

1. Jobs

Front 28

Left Realism (Jock Young)

Back 28

started in the early 1970s to focus on root causes of crime in society

fix immediate problems while reaching large solutions

left realism = short term fix

Front 29

Neoconservative View on Crime

Back 29

Human nature: selfish, weak, hedonistic

*politically popular*

General attitude towards crime: Classical

Criminal Behaviour is a lifestyle choice

Crime reduction through harsher penalties, stronger family values

Front 30

James Q Wilson and George Kelling

Back 30

“Broken Windows” Article

- Car left on the highway overnight

- car with broken windows got trashed

- cleaning up neighbourhoods effects crime

Front 31

First Degree Murder

Back 31

killing is planned and deliberate

victim is employed and acting as an agent concerned with the preservation of public order

killing occurs in conjunction with certain specific offences (kidnapping, sexual assault)

Front 32

Second Degree Murder

Back 32

other types of murder

not clearly defined, it is a residual category

in other words: it is used if proven that the killing is not first degree or manslaughter

Front 33

Manslaughter

Back 33

one person kills another in the heat of passion arising from the situation

Front 34

Infanticide

Back 34

pertains to women who kill their newborns during an altered mental state resulting from giving birth

Front 35

Drift

Back 35

deviants can drift in and out of their commitment to deviant and dominant values, which can result in episodic deviance

Front 36

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Back 36

home based juvenile treatment for high risk juvenile offenders

Front 37

Frank Tannenbaum (1938) - CRIME AND COMMUNITY

Back 37

tagging: the person becomes the thing he is described as being

Front 38

Primary Deviance

Back 38

the initial set of circumstances and interpretations that give rise to an act being called criminal

Front 39

Secondary Deviance

Back 39

the repeated involvement with criminal behaviour after the initial identification

Front 40

Safe Streets Act (Bill M 202)

Back 40

counters aggressive solicitation

e.g. squegee kids

fines $85 or $115

Front 41

Rational choice theory

Back 41

- Cornish and Clarke, situational crime prevention

- man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice

Front 42

Who coined differential association

Back 42

Edwin Sutherland

(how individuals learn to become criminals)

Front 43

Deviance

Back 43

violation of Social Norms

Front 44

Edwin Lemert

Back 44

Secondary deviance (role created to deal with society's condemnation of primany deviance .e.g drug addiction)

Front 45

Frank Tannenbaum

Back 45

considered grandfather of Labelling theory

- introduced "tagging", negative tabs/labels contributed to further involvement in delinquent activities

Front 46

social control theory

Back 46

- Travis Hirschi

- predicts that when social constraints on antisocial behaviour are weakened or absent, delinquent behaviour emerges.

- when an individual has experienced a lack of social connections or a lack of social network that would normally prohibit criminal activity, the likelihood that the individual will participate in criminal activity increases

Front 47

Social disorganization theory

Back 47

- Clifford X. Shaw and Henry W. McKay

- disorganized communities characterized by poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility weakened social stability

Front 48

Ronald Clarke

Back 48

CRAVED

- Concealable

- Removable

- Available

- Valuable

- Enjoyable

Front 49

Social learning theory

Back 49

crime can be learned through observation or vicarious reinforcement (observation of punishment/rewards)

Front 50

Patricia and Paul Brantingham

Back 50

environmental criminology approach

- space, time, law, offender, target

five components are a necessary and sufficient condition, for without one, the other four, even together, will not constitute a criminal incident

Front 51

Tradition/Consensus Theory's Causes of Crime

Back 51

- psychological, biological or sociological factors

Front 52

Labelling Theory Causes of Crime

Back 52

The labels that stigmatize individuals as criminals

Front 53

Conflict Theory Causes of Crime

Back 53

- Powerful groups use laws to support their interest, interests of one group do not coincide with needs of another

- law represents the interest of the few

* does not explain crime*

Front 54

Feminist Theories of Crime

Back 54

- Men use their power to create laws that reflect their interest, gender inequality causes crime

Front 55

Radical (marxist)

Back 55

Laws serve the interests of the ruling class, class struggle over distribution of resources in a Capitalist system

Front 56

Consensus Theory

Back 56

Society is a stable entity in which laws are created for the general good, people by and large agree on policies.

Deviants unite citizens against them

Front 57

George Vold

Back 57

first theorist to relate conflict theory to criminology

Front 58

Ralf Dahrendorf

Back 58

- conflict theorist

- enforced constraint, rather than cooperation, binds people together

- consensus model is utopian

Front 59

Austin Turk

Back 59

- criminality is a social status defined by the way in which an individual is perceived, evaluated, and treated by legal authorities

- criminal status is defined by authorities and imposed on subjects

Front 60

Alan Lizotte

Back 60

- studied 816 criminal cases in the Chicago courts over a one-year period to test the assumption that the powerless get harsher sentences.

Front 61

Freda Adler

Back 61

importance of non-legal factors in the decision making of juries, she found that the socioeconomic level of the defendants significantly influenced their judgment

Front 62

Richard Quinney

Back 62

- leading American spokesperson for radical criminology

- proclaims that “the criminal justice movement is …a state-initiated and state-supported effort to rationalize mechanisms of social control."

Front 63

Barry Krisberg

Back 63

crime is a function of privilege. The rich create crimes to distract attention from the injustices they inflict on the masses.

Front 64

Left Realism

Back 64

street crime as an inevitable outcome of social and political deprivation.

- seek a crime-control agenda, that will protect the more vulnerable members of the lower classes from crime and the fear of crime.

- short term solutions

Front 65

Restorative justice

Back 65

- restoring order through successful dispute resolution

- restoring victims, a more victim centered criminal justice system, as well as restoring offenders and restoring community

- compatible with left realism and peacemaking criminology

Front 66

Peacemaking Criminology

Back 66

- punishment encourages violence

- advocated by Harold Pepinsky and Richard Quinney

- advocates humanistic, non-violent, and peaceful solutions to crime, all of which fall directly in line with restorative justice

Front 67

ds

Back 67

ds