Sociology Exam 3 Mcc

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Durkheim: Structural strain: Macro level

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a. Disruptions and stresses to the social structure of society (social institutions, social organizations, and groups) lead to feelings of frustration, confusion or anger and questioning the values, norms, and laws that guide behavior.

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Social Deviance

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Deviance, in a sociological context, describes actions or behaviors that violate social norms, including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime),[1] as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores). It is the purview of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and criminologists to study how these norms are created, how they change over time and how they are enforced.

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Examples of Macrolevel Disruptions

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Some examples of disruptions at the macro level: war, economic depressions and recessions, natural catastrophes, social movements and protests, demographic shifts.

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Anomic Suicide

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A strong attachment to a group becomes disrupted and weaker, increasing vulnerability to suicide.

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Egoistic SUicide

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There is a consistent weak attachment to the group, increasing vulnerability to suicide

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Altruistic Suicde

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There is a strong attachment to a group that includes the belief that taking one’s own life can be for the good of the group.

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Fatalistic Suicide

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A change in group membership or conditions for the group that are negative. People believe that no matter what they do, these conditions will never improve.

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Merton/ Conformity

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is the general rule of everyday life. When people have difficulties
achieving their goals, they may consider social deviance or crime, but most people
choose conforming, acceptable, alternatives.


b. However, when conformity does not work or when we’re blocked from achieving
what we want, we experience anomie and react with one or more Deviant Adaptive
Responses

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Deviant adaptive response/Innovation

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pursuing acceptable goals through social deviant means.

Drug dealing for Money

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Deviant adaptive response/Ritualism

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over-conformity to the rules or following rules at the expense of the goals; going through the motions (conforming) without belief in their importance

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Deviant adaptive response/Retreatism

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withdrawing from the goals

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Deviant adaptive response/Rebellion

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creating oppositional (opposed to tradition or current cultural values, norms, and laws) goals and means of achieving the goals.

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Sutherland

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Micro-level, Symbolic Interaction

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Merton

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Mid-range level: Also a strain theory.

Individual position in the social ctructure will affect his experience of deviance and conformity.

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Differential Association

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Who we are with most often and what we learn from them can lead to social deviance and crime.

a. Our relationships with people matter and those people may expose us to social
deviance and teach us or influence us to become socially deviant.

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Factors of Differential Association

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The following factors are the most relevant:
 Amount of time we spend with deviant others
 Frequency or how often we are with deviant others
 Intensity or the strength and meaning of our relationships with deviant others
 Exposure to (a) definitions (or explanations) of deviance that are favorable and/or encourage breaking the law
 Exposure to (b) definitions (or explanations) of deviance that are unfavorable and/or discourage breaking the law.


c. When these factors are all strong, then people learn and/or make decisions about
engaging in social deviance or crime.
d. This includes learning ideologies, beliefs that justify their decisions.
e. This include signs, symbols, language, etc. that becomes part of one’s daily life.

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Conflict Theory

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The most socially, economically, and politically powerful people/groups have the most influence over programs, policies, and laws that determine how social deviance and crime are defined

a. Upper classes (or the most powerful groups) create the definitions and beliefs about social deviance and what should be defined as wrong or a crime.
b. Their definitions control all of us.
c. This means that people in the lower classes and less powerful groups are more vulnerable to being viewed as suspicious, labeled as socially deviant, and more vulnerable to being charged with crimes.
d. The higher you are in the social/economic class system, the easier it is to evade being viewed as suspicious, labeled as socially deviant, and less vulnerable you are to being charged with crimes.
e. The higher you are in the social/economic class system, the more likely you are to have money for lawyers and/or a social network that will keep you out of jail or prison
f. The lower you are in the social/economic class system the more likely you are to be labeled as socially deviant, be assigned a public defender, have no meaningful social network of resources, and thus the more likely you are to go to jail or prison

g. Race and Sex overlap with class so minorities and women are vulnerable to double standards and harsher treatment for behavior or offenses committed by members of more powerful and privileged groups.
h. Other group memberships also overlap and make people without power more vulnerable to exploitation and harsher treatment: immigrant status, sexual orientation (gay, lesbian, transgendered), the very old, the very young, people with disabilities (physical and/or psychological

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Labeling/Stigma

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In modern sociology, the word stigma is used to refer to the concept of people being "marked" as different, usually in a negative way, based upon some characteristic which separates them from the rest of society.

Physical-
Moral-
Tribal/Membership

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Meaning "Dont Romanticize poor"

Examples from Part Time Indian

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Cultural outsiders who write young adult fiction tend to romanticize the impoverishment of Indians. Junior is
having none of this: "It sucks to be poor, and it sucks to feel that you somehow deserve to be poor. You start
believing that you're poor because you're stupid and ugly. And then you start believing that you're stupid and
ugly because you're Indian. And because you're Indian you start believing that you're destined to be poor. It's
an ugly circle and there's nothing you can do about it. Poverty doesn't give you strength or teach you lessons
about perserverance. No, poverty only teaches you how to be poor."

The narrator then tells us the story of Oscar, his best canine friend. His family is too poor to afford veterinary care, so the narrator's father shoots the poor pup. The kid is, of course, devastated. Poverty does indeed suck.

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Factors that Enhance the Opportunity for Upward Social Mobility

Education

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For each year of education post high school, you look more employable and improve your opportunities for a higher income over your lifetime. It’s true that there are good jobs that don’t require college, but what kind of job or career do you want? Many of the better jobs require a college degree, and sometimes employers use the degree as a screening tool on the assumption that in college you learned to: write reasonably well, speak before others effectively, understand math, and know how to follow a more complex set of directions other than reciting, “Do you want fries with that?” In other words, you are expected to have the skills a college degree indicates.

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Social Stratification

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The division and hierarchical ranking of people into layers associated with different degrees of command over material resources, power, and prestige. Divisions upon which stratification may be based include:

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Relative Deprivation

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In sociology, relative deprivation theory is a view of social change and movements, according to which people take action for social change in order to acquire something (for example, opportunities, status, or wealth) that others possess and which they believe they should have, too. Some sociologists believe relative deprivation theory explains why people join social movements or advocate social change. For example, in this view, gay people join the movement for gay marriage in order to acquire something (the right to marry) they believe others already possess; relative to these people, such advocates of gay marriage believe they are deprived. Critics claim that relative deprivation theory does not explain why some people join movements that apparently do not benefit them directly (animal rights movements, say).

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Upward Moblilty

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: the capacity or facility for rising to a higher social or economic position

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Downward Moblity

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Degrading into lower social position

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Horizontal Moblity

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movement from one position to another within the same social level, as changing jobs without altering occupational status, or moving between social groups having the same social status.

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Factors that enhance upward social mobility

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1. Education. For each year of education post high school, you look more employable and improve your opportunities for a higher income over your lifetime. It’s true that there are good jobs that don’t require college, but what kind of job or career do you want? Many of the better jobs require a college degree, and sometimes employers use the degree as a screening tool on the assumption that in college you learned to: write reasonably well, speak before others effectively, understand math, and know how to follow a more complex set of directions other than reciting, “Do you want fries with that?” In other words, you are expected to have the skills a college degree indicates.

2. Delay marriage until you finish college. Remember what you learned about role strain and role conflict. Marriage is a partnership demanding time and attention; you want it from your partner, and your partner wants it from you; your studies will conflict with this.

3. Delay having children until you finish college. Children deserve priority and they’re expensive.

4. Stay out of debt. Given the cost of living and the cost of college, this is difficult. However, the more debt you build, the more vulnerable you are leaving college in order to pay off bills.

If you live with your parents, appreciate the savings this allows you. Unless your family is involved in something immoral or illegal, if they will let you live at home while you go to college, learn to get along them as an adult. This will help you out more than you can imagine. If you live with roommates, make sure they support your educational goals.

5. Stay healthy. Bad health habits catch up with you, reduce your ability to focus, cost you time away from school, and compromise your immune system. The latter leads to a cycle of continued poor health.

6. Pay attention to regional economic indicators. Every major metropolitan area has information about job growth and job decline, cost of living, average prices of rent and homes, prevailing area wages, etc. You can review this several times a year or more often by reading the business section of any newspaper online or in print. You can search for local research organizations that provide local governments with this information. For example: San Diego Workforce Partnership maintains a website with this information.

7. Create a social network. Social networks are informal webs of relationships that you can tap into to help you achieve our goals. When you need a letter of recommendation for a job or for financial aid or to help you get into a 4-year institution, who would be willing to write one for you? Your mom doesn’t count.

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What is the "second shift"

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Your work away from work such as family

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Factors associated with Downward Social Mobility, MICRO LEVEL

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Illness, Unmanagable debt, substance abuse.

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Factors associated with Downward Social Mobility, MACRO LEVEL

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Economic Depression, Institutional Discrimination, Large company closures, War

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Melting Pot

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Melting pot is a concept referring to a heterogeneous society becoming more homogenous with the different elements “melting together” into a harmonious whole with a common culture. In is most commonly used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States. This term is often challenged, however, by those who assert that cultural differences within a society are valuable and should be preserved. An alternative metaphor, therefore, is salad bowl or mosaic, describing how different cultures mix, but still remain distinct.

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Assimilation

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blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society

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Sutherland on Alcohol

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Social inequality leads to perceptions of anomie. To resolve the goals-means conflict and relieve their sense of strain, some people innovate by stealing or extorting money, others retreat into drugs and alcohol, others rebel by joining revolutionary groups, while still others get involved in ritualistic behavior by joining a religious cult.

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Positive Defiance Examples

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Tienamen Square

Rosa Parks

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Cultural Pluralism

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is a term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society. Cultural pluralism is often confused with Multiculturalism. Multiculturalism lacks the requirement for a dominant culture

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Deviance

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Belief departed from norma nd generates a negative reaction in a particular group

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Conflict Theory/Social Deviance

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Rules are applied unequally based on power

Rules are applied unequally, those at stop subject to differene rules and sanctions with the bottom behaviors are more liely to be criminialzed.

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Social Control, Informal

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control through customs, norms, and expectations

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Social Control, formal

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Control through laws or regulation

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Social Deviance/ Structural Functionalism

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Deviance clarifies moral boundaires and promotes social cohesion

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Social Deviance/Labeling

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Micro-level: Assigning negative names and meaning to another person and his/her behavior. When the meaning is shared with others, and others agree with it (consensus), the label is influential in shaping how the labeled person is treated by others. The label can also activate a self-fulfilling prophecy, and the labeled person becomes like the characteristics assigned to him or her. When a situation is defined as real, it becomes real in its consequences.

a. The more power a person has, the easier it is for him or her to label other people.
b. The least powerful people in a situation are more vulnerable to being labeled and suffering the consequences.
c. A person may be affected by a label in just one setting.
d. A person may be affected by a label in multiple settings.
e. A label can be stigma.
f. A stigma ruins a person’s social identity; this means that the label has become a person’s master status (it cuts across all other statuses) and spoils their social identity.

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Labeling/Self Fulfilling Prophet

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Inaccurate statement that by altering the situtaion becomes accurate.

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Prestige

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Honor granted to because of their membership in certain groups.

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Social reproduction

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Social class is passed down to generation

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Cultural Capital

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tastes, habits expectations, knowledge and other culturla dispositions, that help us gain advantages in society

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Collectivism

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Collectivism perceives a group as having one singular identity. This group or collective can think and has ideas and goals and a purpose. The personality of the group or collective is referred to as its culture. The people in the group are secondary to the collective, which is perceived as an entity that is more significant than the sum of its parts. Individuals are not acknowledged in a collective. They are the tools of the group