Sociology Exam 2

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socialization

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lifelong process through while people learn attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture

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the looking-glass self

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we become who we are based on how we think others see us

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I

Back 3

the acting self that exists in relation to the Me

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Me

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socialized self that plans actions and judges performances based on the standards we have learned from others

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significant other

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individual who is most important in the development of the self

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preparatory stage

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until about age 3; children imitate the people around them, especially family members

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symbol

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gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication

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play stage

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from age 3 to 5; children pretend to be other people

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role taking

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process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint

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game stage

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from age 6 to 9; children grasp their own social positions, and those of others around them

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generalized other

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attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior

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dramaturgical approach

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studies interaction as if we were all actors on a stage

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impression management

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altering presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences

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face-work

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efforts people make to maintain a proper image and avoid public embarrassment

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Psychological Approaches to the Self (Sigmund Freud)

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the self is a social product and aspects of one's personality are influences by other people (especially one's parents); natural instincts are at odds with societal constraints

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Psychological Approaches to the Self (Jean Piaget)

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Underscored importance of social interactions developing sense of self

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cognitive theory of development

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children's though process through four stages

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rites of passage

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ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another

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the life course approach

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research orientation that looks closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives

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anticipatory socialization

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processes of socialization in which a person 'rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

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resocialization

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process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life

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total institutions

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institutions that regulate all aspects of a person's life under a single authority

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degradation ceremony

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aspect of socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating trials

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midlife crisis

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stressful period of self-evaluation

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social interaction

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shared experience through which people relate to one another

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constructing culture

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we create tools, language, ideas, beliefs, rules for behavior to establish order and meaning

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constructing the self

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we are shaped by the tools, ideas, and rules for actions that have been constructed before us

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constructing society

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as a result of shared acceptance, culture comes to feel solid, real, or natural, even though we created it in the first place

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social structure

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series of predictable relationships composed of various positions people occupy

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status

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social position we occupy relative to others

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ascribed status

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a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics

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achieved status

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a social position that is within our power to change

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master status

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dominates over other statuses and thereby determines a person's general position in society

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social role

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a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status

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role conflict

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situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from 2 or more social statuses held be the same person

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role strain

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difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations

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role exit

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process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

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Ebaugh's four-stage model (role exit)

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doubt, search for alternatives, action stage or departure, creation of new identity

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group

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any number of people with shared norms, values, and goals who interact with one another on a regular basis

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primary group

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small group characterized intimate, face to face association and cooperation

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secondary group

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formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

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in-group

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group or category to which people feel they belong

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out-group

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group or category to which people feel they do not belong

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reference group

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any group individuals use as standard for the evaluating themselves and their own behavior

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coalition

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temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal

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social network

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series of social relationships that link individuals directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people

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social institutions

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a pattern of belief and behavior centered on basic social needs

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bureaucracy

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a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to provide fair and efficient means of organization

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ideal type

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abstract model of essential characteristics of a phenomenon

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ideal bureaucracies display five basic characteristics:

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division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications

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hierarchy of authority

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each position is under the supervision of a higher authority

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written rules and regulations

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provides employees clear standards for adequate (or exceptional) performance

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impersonality

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norms dictate that officials perform their duties without giving personal consideration to people as individuals

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employment based on technical qualifications

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hiring is based on technical qualifications rather than on favoritism, and performance is measured against specific standards

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bureaucratization

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process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency

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McDonaldization

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Process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making in the U.S. and around the world

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iron law of oligarchy

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principle that all organizations, even democratic ones, tend to develop into a bureaucracy ruled by an elite few

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classical theory of formal organizations

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study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards (scientific management approach)

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human relations approach

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study of formal organizations that emphasizes a role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy ad tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization