Sociology Chapter 6-7 Communication

Front 1

Expresses the basic content of the message

Back 1

Verbal communication

Front 2

Reflects more of the relationship part of the message. The relationship part conveys the attitude of the speaker (friendly, neutral, or hostile) and indicates how the words are to be interpreted (as a joke, request, or command).

Back 2

Nonverbal communication

Front 3

A feeling that the target of the expression is undesirable

Back 3

Contempt

Front 4

Nearness in terms of physical space, time, and so on.

Back 4

Proximity

Front 5

The protective quality of the first year of marriage means you can say almost anything during the first year and it will not have a serious impact on the marriage.

Back 5

honeymoon effect

Front 6

The basic principle for processing information.

Back 6

feedback

Front 7

Includes three elements mutual acceptance, liking each other, and expressing liking in both words and actions.

Back 7

mutual affirmation

Front 8

Ability or potential ability to influence another person or group.

Back 8

power

Front 9

Explains power in terms of the individual’s involvement and needs in the relationship.

Back 9

Relative love and need theory

Front 10

Curious situation in which the partner with the least interest in continuing a relationship has the most power in it.

Back 10

Principle of least interest

Front 11

Revolve around carrying out marital roles and the functions of marriage and the family, such as providing companionship, working, and rearing children.

Back 11

basic conflicts

Front 12

Conflicts that do not strike at the heart of a relationship.

Back 12

nonbasic conflicts

Front 13

A pattern of negative interaction wherein couples engage in frequent heated arguments, call each other names and insult each other, display an unwillingness to listen to each other, and lack emotional involvement with each other.

Back 13

hostile conflict

Front 14

A set of images about how marriage ought to be done, “for better or worse”.

Back 14

Marital paradigm

Front 15

Refers to attempts to satisfy our own concerns.

Back 15

Assertiveness

Front 16

Speaks to attempts to satisfy concerns of others.

Back 16

Cooperativeness

Front 17

The party with the least interest in continuing a relationship generally has the power in it.

Back 17

true
The principle of least interest, describes the situation in which the partner with the least interest in continuing a relationship enjoys the most power in it.
The less involved partner may threaten to leave as leverage in an argument.

Front 18

Wives tend to give more negative messages than husbands.

Back 18

TRUE
Wives tend to give more positive or negative messages; they tend to smile or laugh when they send messages, and they send fewer clearly neutral messages.
Husbands’ neutral responses make it more difficult for wives to decode what their partners are trying to say.

Front 19

Conflict and intimacy go hand in hand in intimate relationships.

Back 19

TRUE

It is common and normal for couples to have disagreements or conflicts.
Couples who resolve conflict with mutual satisfaction and who find ways to adapt to areas of conflict tend to be more satisfied with their relationships overall and are less likely to divorce.

Front 20

Conflict and intimacy go hand in hand in intimate relationships.

Back 20

TRUE

It is common and normal for couples to have disagreements or conflicts.
Couples who resolve conflict with mutual satisfaction and who find ways to adapt to areas of conflict tend to be more satisfied with their relationships overall and are less likely to divorce.

Front 21

Negative communication patterns before marriage are a poor predictor of marital communication Because people change once they are married.

Back 21

FALSE

Many couples who communicate poorly before marriage are likely to continue the same way after marriage, and the result can be disastrous for future marital happiness.

Front 22

LIST FIVE
Functions of Nonverbal communication

Back 22

1. Convey interpersonal attitudes
2. Express emotions
3. Handle the ongoing interaction.
4. COMMUNICATION TO BE CLEAR
VERBAL AND NONVERAL MESSAGES MUST AGREE

5.PROXIMITY,EYE CONTACT, AND TOUCH ARE IMPORTANT FORMS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Front 23

1. is one of our primary means of communication.
2. It conveys intimacy, immediacy, and emotional closeness.

Back 23

TOUCH

Front 24

Contempt: a feeling that the target of the expression is undesirable.

Criticism: Especially when it is overly harsh.

Defensiveness
Stonewalling or avoiding.

Back 24

Warning signs of serious risk of divorce:

Front 25

LIST FOUR WAYS WOMEN USE NON VERBAL COMMUNICATON

Back 25

In nonverbal communication:
1. Women smile more than men.
2. Women express a wider range of emotions through facial expressions.
3. Women occupy, claim, and control less space.
4. Women maintain more eye contact with others with whom they are interacting.

Front 26

Women and Communication

Back 26

1. In use of language and style of speaking
2. Women use more qualifiers.
3. Women use more tag questions.
4. Women use a wider variety of intensifiers.
5. Women speak in more polite and less insistent tones.

Front 27

Men and Communication

Back 27

1. Male speech contains fewer words for such things as color, texture, food, relationships, and feelings.
2. Men use more and harsher profanity.
3. Men talk more and interrupt women more than women interrupt men.
4. In conversations with other men, men disclose less personal information and restrict themselves to topics such as sports, politics, or work.

Front 28

After the first year, couples with negative premarital communication patterns were ?

Back 28

less satisfied than those with positive communication patterns.

Front 29

A later study found that premarital couples who responded

Back 29

more to positive than negative communication were more satisfied in marriage 4 years later.

Front 30

T IS THE Cohabitation Effect

Back 30

Couples who live together before marrying are more likely to separate and divorce than couples who don’t live together before marriage.

Front 31

Catherine Cohan and Stacey Kleinbaum hypothesized

Back 31

that spouses who live together before marrying display more negative problem solving and support behavior compared with couples who marry without first living together.

Front 32

Cohabitation and Poor Marital Communication

LIST THREE:

Back 32

1. Compared with couples who don’t cohabit, cohabitants tend to be younger, less religious, and more likely to come from divorced homes.
2. People who cohabit may be more accepting of divorce and less committed to marriage and use less effort to develop good marital communication skills.
3. Cohabitation is associated with alcohol use, infidelity, and lower marital satisfaction, which in turn are correlated with less effective communication.

Front 33

LIST SIX

Characteristics of Satisfied Marriages

Back 33

1. Expression by both partners of equal levels of affection, such as tenderness, words of love, and touch.
2. More time spent talking, discussing personal topics, and expressing feelings in positive ways.
3. The ability to send verbal and nonverbal messages accurately and to understand such messages accurately.

4. Willingness to accept conflict but to engage in conflict in nondestructive ways.
5. Less frequent conflict and less time spent in conflict.
6. The ability to disclose or reveal private thoughts and feelings, especially positive ones, to a partner.

Front 34

WHAT IS CONFLICT

Back 34

is an inevitable and normal part of being in a relationship.

Front 35

Rather than withdrawing from and avoiding conflict, we should

Back 35

use it as a way to build, strengthen, and deepen our relationships.

Front 36

Ten Topics That Are Most Difficult for Couples to Discuss

Back 36

1. THREATS OF DIVORCE AND DOUBTS ABOUT RELATIONSHIP
2. DISRESPECT
BEHAVIOR, LYING AND RUDENESS
3. Extramarital intimacy boundary issues (use of pornography, jealousy)
4. Excessive or inappropriate anger (yelling, attacking)
5. Sexual interaction
6. Lack of communication
7. In-laws and extended family
8. Confusing emotional behavior
9. Criticism
10. Poor communication skills (being unclear or hard to understand)

Front 37

4 STYLES OF Miscommunication COMMUNICATION

Back 37

1. Placaters
Always agreeable, placaters are passive, speak in an ingratiating manner, and act helpless.
2. Blamers
Acting superior, blamers are tense, often angry, and gesture by pointing.
3. Computers
Correct, reasonable, and expressionless, they don’t show feelings.
4. Distractors
Acting frenetic and seldom saying anything relevant, they flit about in word and deed.

Front 38

LIST THREE Obstacles to Self-Awareness

Back 38

We place obstacles in the way of expressing feelings.
1. We suppress “unacceptable” feelings, especially anger, hurt, and jealousy.
2. We deny our feelings.
3. We project our feelings. Instead of recognizing that we are jealous,we may accuse our partner of being jealous; instead of feeling hurt, we may say our partner is hurt.

Front 39

WHAT IS TRUST

Back 39

Belief in the integrity of a person

Front 40

LIST THREE CHARACTERISTICS
In order for trust to develop

Back 40

1. A relationship has to have the likelihood of continuing.
2. We must be able to predict how our partner will behave.
3. Our partner must have other acceptable options available to him or her.

Front 41

If your partner discloses doubts about your relationship, you can respond in different ways

Back 41

1. Remain silent - Conveys you do not want your partner to disclose this information.
2. Respond angrily - Sends a message that self-disclosure can lead to arguments.
3. Respond neither negatively nor positively.
4. Acknowledge your partner’s feelings as valid and disclose how you feel in response.

Front 42

LIST EIGHT
Constructive Feedback

Back 42

1. Focus on “I” statements.
2. Focus on behavior rather than the person.
3. Focus on observations rather than judgments.
4. Focus on the observed incidence of behavior.

5.Focus on sharing ideas rather than giving advice.

6. Focus on its value to the recipient.
7. Focus on the amount the recipient can process.
8. Focus on an appropriate time and place.

Front 43

WHAT IS MUTUAL AFFIRMATION

Back 43

The basis of good communication in a relationship.

Front 44

LIST 3 MUTUAL AFFIRMATION

Back 44

1. mutual acceptance
2. mutual liking
3. expressing liking in words and actions

Front 45

WHAT IS POWER

Back 45

The ability to influence another person or group.

Front 46

LIST HOW POWER IS IN A RELATIONSHIP

Back 46

1. Traditionally, legal as well as de facto power rested in the hands of the husband.
2. Recently, wives have been gaining more actual power in relationships, although the power distribution still remains unequal.

Front 47

Six Bases of Marital Power

Back 47

1. COERCIVE POWER
2. REWARD POWER
3. EXPERT POWER
4. LEGITIMATE POWER
5. REFERENT POWER
6. INFORMATION POWER

Front 48

based on the fear that one partner will punish the other

Back 48

COERCIVE POWER

Front 49

is based on the belief that the other person will do something in return for agreement.

Back 49

REWARD POWER

Front 50

based on the belief that one partner has greater knowledge than the other.

Back 50

EXPERT POWER

Front 51

is based on acceptance of roles giving the other person the right to demand compliance.

Back 51

LEGITIMATE POWER

Front 52

is based on identifying with the partner and receiving satisfaction by acting similarly.

Back 52

REFERENT POWER

Front 53

is based on the partner’s persuasive explanation

Back 53

INFORMATIONAL POWER

Front 54

challenge the fundamental assumptions or rules of a relationship, leading to the possible end of the relationship.

Back 54

Basic conflicts

Front 55

LIST HOW POWER IS IN A RELATIONSHIP

Back 55

1. Traditionally, legal as well as de facto power rested in the hands of the husband.
2. Recently, wives have been gaining more actual power in relationships, although the power distribution still remains unequal.

Front 56

Six Bases of Marital Power

Back 56

1. COERCIVE POWER
2. REWARD POWER
3. EXPERT POWER
4. LEGITIMATE POWER
5. REFERENT POWER
6. INFORMATION POWER

Front 57

based on the fear that one partner will punish the other

Back 57

COERCIVE POWER

Front 58

is based on the belief that the other person will do something in return for agreement.

Back 58

REWARD POWER

Front 59

based on the belief that one partner has greater knowledge than the other.

Back 59

EXPERT POWER

Front 60

is based on acceptance of roles giving the other person the right to demand compliance.

Back 60

LEGITIMATE POWER

Front 61

is based on identifying with the partner and receiving satisfaction by acting similarly.

Back 61

REFERENT POWER

Front 62

is based on the partner’s persuasive explanation

Back 62

INFORMATIONAL POWER

Front 63

challenge the fundamental assumptions or rules of a relationship, leading to the possible end of the relationship.

Back 63

Basic conflicts

Front 64

are more common and less consequential; couples learn to live with them.

Back 64

NONBASIC CONFLICTS

Front 65

Women are more likely to initiate discussions IN CONFLICT

Back 65

1. contested relationship issues
2. more aware of the emotional quality of the relationship.

Front 66

Men are more likely to DO IN CONFLICT

Back 66

1. to withdraw from negative interactions, women are more likely to pursue conversation or conflict.

Front 67

In conflict management and resolution

Back 67

men have instrumental roles and women have expressive roles

Front 68

LIST FOUR Communication Behaviors of Happily Married Couples

Back 68

1. Summarizing
2. Paraphrasing
3. Validating
4. Clarifying

Front 69

Each person summarized what the other said.

Back 69

Summarizing

Front 70

Each put what the other said into his or her own words.

Back 70

Paraphrasing

Front 71

Each affirmed the other’s feelings.

Back 71

Validating

Front 72

Each asked for further information to make sure he or she understood what the other was saying.

Back 72

Clarifying

Front 73

LIST FOUR

Communication Behaviors of Unhappily Married Couples

Back 73

1. Confrontation
2. Confrontation and defensiveness
3. Complaining and defensiveness
4. Overall, distressed couples use more

Front 74

Both partners confronted each other.

Back 74

Confrontation

Front 75

One partner confronted and the other defended.

Back 75

Confrontation and defensiveness

Front 76

One partner complained and the other was defensive.

Back 76

Complaining and defensiveness

Front 77

negative and fewer positive statements.

Back 77

Overall, distressed couples use more

Front 78

Five Conflict Management Styles

Back 78

1. Competing
2. Collaborating
3. Compromising
4. Avoiding
5. Accommodating

Front 79

1. Assertive and uncooperative
2. Can lead to increased conflict and to either or both spouses feeling powerless and resentful.

Back 79

Competing

Front 80

1. Assertive and cooperative
2. Couples confront disagreements and engage in problem solving to uncover solutions.

Back 80

Collaborating

Front 81

An intermediate position in assertiveness and cooperativeness

Back 81

Compromising

Front 82

Unassertive and uncooperative
Characterized by withdrawal and refusal to take a position.

Back 82

Avoiding

Front 83

Unassertive and cooperative.
One person attempts to soothe the other person and restore harmony.

Back 83

Accommodating

Front 84

LIST COMMON CONFLICT AREAS

Back 84

1. COMMUNICATION
2. CHILDREN
3. SEX
4. MONEY
5. PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES
6. HOW TO SPEND LEISURE TIME
7. IN-LAWS
8. INFIDELITY
9. HOUSEKEEPING

Front 85

LIST FOUR Positive strategies for resolving conflict

Back 85

1. Supporting your partner - through active listening, compromise, or agreement
2. Assertion - clearly stating your position and keeping the conversation on topic
3. Reason - use of rational argument and consideration of alternatives
4. Negotiation - coming to a mutually acceptable agreement

Front 86

WHAT IS Conceptualized IN FORGIVENESS

Back 86

1. A reduction in negative feelings and an increase in positive feelings toward a “transgressor” after a transgression.
2. An attitude of good will toward someone who has done us harm.
3. Showing compassion and foregoing resentment toward someone who has caused us pain.

Front 87

A crucial element of married life and important in efforts to

Back 87

restore trust after a transgression

Front 88

FORGIVENESS

Back 88

1. A crucial element of married life and important in efforts to restore trust after a transgression.
2. Can resolve existing difficulties and prevent future ones.
3. Wives who display tendencies to forgive seem able to do so in both minor and major transgressions.
4. For husbands tendencies to forgive apply more to major transgressions.

Front 89

WHAT ARE THE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION

Back 89

1. WIVES SEND CLEARER MESSAGES
2. HUSBANDS MAY GIVE NEUTRAL MESSAGES OR WITHDRAW
3. WIVES GIVE MORE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE MESSAGES
4. WIVES SET THE EMOTIONAL TONE AND ESCALATES ARGUMENTS MORE THAN HUSBANDS

Front 90

LIST Communication and Marital Satisfaction

Back 90

1. How well a couple communicates before marriage can predict later marital satisfaction.
2. Self-disclosure prior to marriage is related to relationship satisfaction later.
3. Whether a couple’s premarital interactions are negative or positive can predict later marital satisfaction.

Front 91

LIST WAYS THAT MAINTAINS HAPPINESS WHILE MARRIED

Back 91

1. Are willing to engage in conflict in nondestructive ways.
2. Have less frequent conflict and spend less time in conflict.
3. Disclose private feelings to partners.
4. Express equal levels of affection.
5. Spend more time together.
6. Accurately encode and decode messages.

Front 92

LIST 3 BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

Back 92

1. Traditional male gender role - discourages the expression of emotion.
2. Personal reasons, such as feelings of inadequacy
3. Fear of conflict.

Front 93

LIST 2 TYPES OFCONFLICT

Back 93

1. Situational
2. Personality conflicts

Front 94

conflicts are based on specific issues.

Back 94

Situational

Front 95

are based on the need to release pent-up feelings or on fundamental personality differences.

Back 95

Personality conflicts

Front 96

3 Major Sources of Marital Conflict

Back 96

1. Sex
2. Money
3. Housework

Front 97

Conflict Resolution May be achieved through negotiation in three ways

Back 97

1. Bargaining
2. Agreement as a freely given gift
3. Coexistence

Front 98

3 WAYS Happily married couples resolve conflict through

Back 98

1. paraphrasing,
2. validation
3. clarification

Front 99

3 WAYS Happily married couples resolve conflict through

Back 99

1. paraphrasing,
2. validation
3. clarification