Sociology Chapter 4 Terminology

Front 1

Social Channeling

Back 1

Process of socialization in which children of the rich are prepared for and directed towards positions of privilege in society while children of the poor are prepared for and directed into low prestige positions of subservience.

Front 2

Preparatory Stage

Back 2

The first stage of a child's social development, where behavior is largely imitation of others, with little use for symbols and limited role-taking.

Front 3

Play Stage

Back 3

Here individuals learn to evaluate themselves and otehr social objects from the point of view of particular significant others, individuals with whom they are interacting such as a mother or father.

Front 4

Game Stage

Back 4

Here children learn to take on the role of multiple others at the same time-- e.g. several people playing a game.

Front 5

Adult Stage

Back 5

the final stage in which the individual is capable of taking on the role of the generalized other, assessing behavior in terms of the norms and values of the broad society and responding to abstract principles and symbols.

Front 6

Formal Socialization

Back 6

socialization occurring in settings intentionally designed for socialization.

Front 7

Informal Socialization

Back 7

Socialization in which peers and more experienced members train newcomers as they carry out their roles.

Front 8

Borderwork

Back 8

Interactions between genders that tends to strengthen and perpetuate gender boundaries (contests between sexes, chasing, cooties, etc.)

Front 9

Anticipatory socialization

Back 9

Socialization for a status that occurs before the person occupies the status.

Front 10

Resocialization

Back 10

Process of unlearning old norms, roles and values, then learning new ones required by the new social enviornment.

Front 11

Degradation Ceremony

Back 11

ritual in which someone experiences negative often extremely embarrassing events in the presence of others.

Front 12

Rights of Passage

Back 12

ceremonies marking important transitions in life such as the passage from being single to being married.

Front 13

Social structure

Back 13

regular patterns of social interaction and persistent social relationships.

Front 14

Social status

Back 14

socially recognized position in a social system.

Front 15

Ascribed status

Back 15

Status into which individuals are assigned without regard for their actions/desires/abilities e.g male, female, young, old, black, white, son, daughter.

Front 16

Achieved Status

Back 16

Social status acquired through an individuals own actions e.g. college student, married person, physician.

Front 17

Status set

Back 17

set of all statuses occupied by a person at the same time.

Front 18

Master status

Back 18

is a position so important it dominates all other statuses in the individual's status set, for both the individual holding the status and others.

Front 19

Manifest status

Back 19

is the status that defines or structures the role set for a particular situation.

Front 20

Latent status

Back 20

is any status formally defined as irrelevant to a situation and which should have no bearing on interaction.

Front 21

Social Role

Back 21

a set of expectations for anyone occupying a particular social status.

Front 22

Role set

Back 22

set of all roles associated with a particular social status.

Front 23

Role performance

Back 23

actions by an individual occupying a social status based on their role.

Front 24

Role making

Back 24

modifications or changes in roles as a result of individual action by people occupying those roles

Front 25

Role strain

Back 25

difficulties meeting the expectations of a SINGLE ROLE e.g a father not being able to support his family financially.

Front 26

Role conflict

Back 26

when DIFFERENT ROLES have incompatible expectations e.g. parent and teacher

Front 27

Role segregation

Back 27

avoid statuses invoking incompatible roles for the same role partner. e.g. teachers avoid romantic involvement with students.

Front 28

Role distance

Back 28

separation of one's self from the role one must play. It is a strategy to separate identity from action. e.g. a mother giving her child medicine when she doesn't want to.

Front 29

Stereotypes

Back 29

generalizations about a category of people asserting they have a particular set of characteristics and not taking into account their individual differences.

Front 30

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 30

an assumption that, once having been made, leads to the predicted event occuring.

Front 31

Negotiated order

Back 31

a social structure determined by the interactions through which people propose, discuss, and often settle on a shared definition of the situation providing meaning for actions.

Front 32

Impression Management

Back 32

strategies people use to convey a favorable impression or favorable self image of other people.

Front 33

Front-stage

Back 33

others present whom they would like to impress (an audience)

Front 34

Back-stage

Back 34

audience is not present, do not have to actively engage in impression management, can relax and "be themselves"

Front 35

Emotional labor

Back 35

work activity requiring the worker to display particular emotions in the normal course of providing a service.

Front 36

Social exchange theory

Back 36

assumes people are motivated by self-interest as measured by rewards and costs of actions. tend to repeat highly rewarded actions and not repeat costly ones.

Front 37

Norm of reciprocity

Back 37

if you give someone something, you expect them to give you something of equal value in return.