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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
social structure
the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides interaction
status
a socially defined position in a group or society
social institution
system of statuses, roles, values, and norms organized to satisfy one or more of society's basic needs
group
set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations
bureaucracy
ranked authority structure that operates on rules and procedures
role
the behavior expected of a person occupying a particular status
outgroup
any group that a person does identify with or belong to
preindustrial society
the main economic activity is the production of food. food made through human and animal labor
primary group
small group of people who interact over a relatively long period on a direct and personal basis
master status
the status the plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life
secondary group
interaction is impersonal and temporary
reference group
any group with whom individuals identify with and whose attitudes and values they adopt
industrial society
the mechanized production of goods
mechanical solidarity
close-knit social relationships that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks
voluntary association
nonprofit association formed to pursue a common interest
formal organization
a large complex secondary group that has been established to achieve certain goals
acheived status
status acquired on the basis of some special knowledge, skill or ability
role performance
the actual behavior a person performing a role
Role set
The different roles attached to a single status
Role____occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role
strain
When a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role, that person experiences role____.
conflict
Social category
A group of people who share a common trait or status
dyad
a group with 2 people
triad
a group with 3 people
How are decisions made in Japanese corporations?
collective decision making where all employees take part
rationalization
process by which every feature of behavior becomes subject to calculation
iron law of oligarchy
tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
ascribed status
a status assigned to a person that is out of their control
division of labor
the specialization of people or groups in the performance of specific economic activities
arbitration
when a third party makes a binding decision
accommodation
state of balance between conflict and cooperation
agricultural society
Uses animals to pull plows and till fields
horticultural society
relies on vegetables grown in plots (often uses slash and burn method)
Came up with 5 characteristics of bureaucracies
Max Weber
Weber's 5 characteristics of bureaucracies
division of labor, a ranking of authority, employment based on formal qualifications, rules and regulations, specific lines of promotion and advancement
5 arguments against bureaucracy
the goals of individuals may be lost, creativity is stifled, knowledge is limited, oligarchy, Parkinson's Law
Parkinson's Law
"work expands to fill the time available for its completion"
oligarchy
power is concentrated in the hands of a few people
subsistence strategy
how a society uses technology to provide for its needs
reciprocity
the idea that you get something for giving something
exchange theory
belief that everyone is motivated by self-intrest
competition
when two or more people oppose each other to achieve a goal only attainable by only one person.
aggregate
people just randomly clumped together (waiting in line at the trains station)
small group
15 or less people who can communicate face-to-face with everyone in the group
Ferdinand Tonnies came up with
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
Gemeinschaft
means "community"

people are tight with each other
Gesellschaft
means "society"

traditional values are weak
Emile Durkheim came up with
mechanical solidarity