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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
social structure
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the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides interaction
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status
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a socially defined position in a group or society
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social institution
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system of statuses, roles, values, and norms organized to satisfy one or more of society's basic needs
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group
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set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations
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bureaucracy
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ranked authority structure that operates on rules and procedures
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role
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the behavior expected of a person occupying a particular status
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outgroup
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any group that a person does identify with or belong to
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preindustrial society
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the main economic activity is the production of food. food made through human and animal labor
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primary group
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small group of people who interact over a relatively long period on a direct and personal basis
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master status
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the status the plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life
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secondary group
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interaction is impersonal and temporary
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reference group
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any group with whom individuals identify with and whose attitudes and values they adopt
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industrial society
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the mechanized production of goods
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mechanical solidarity
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close-knit social relationships that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks
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voluntary association
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nonprofit association formed to pursue a common interest
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formal organization
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a large complex secondary group that has been established to achieve certain goals
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acheived status
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status acquired on the basis of some special knowledge, skill or ability
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role performance
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the actual behavior a person performing a role
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Role set
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The different roles attached to a single status
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Role____occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role
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strain
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When a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role, that person experiences role____.
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conflict
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Social category
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A group of people who share a common trait or status
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dyad
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a group with 2 people
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triad
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a group with 3 people
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How are decisions made in Japanese corporations?
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collective decision making where all employees take part
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rationalization
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process by which every feature of behavior becomes subject to calculation
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iron law of oligarchy
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tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
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ascribed status
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a status assigned to a person that is out of their control
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division of labor
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the specialization of people or groups in the performance of specific economic activities
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arbitration
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when a third party makes a binding decision
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accommodation
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state of balance between conflict and cooperation
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agricultural society
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Uses animals to pull plows and till fields
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horticultural society
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relies on vegetables grown in plots (often uses slash and burn method)
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Came up with 5 characteristics of bureaucracies
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Max Weber
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Weber's 5 characteristics of bureaucracies
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division of labor, a ranking of authority, employment based on formal qualifications, rules and regulations, specific lines of promotion and advancement
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5 arguments against bureaucracy
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the goals of individuals may be lost, creativity is stifled, knowledge is limited, oligarchy, Parkinson's Law
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Parkinson's Law
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"work expands to fill the time available for its completion"
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oligarchy
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power is concentrated in the hands of a few people
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subsistence strategy
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how a society uses technology to provide for its needs
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reciprocity
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the idea that you get something for giving something
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exchange theory
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belief that everyone is motivated by self-intrest
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competition
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when two or more people oppose each other to achieve a goal only attainable by only one person.
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aggregate
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people just randomly clumped together (waiting in line at the trains station)
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small group
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15 or less people who can communicate face-to-face with everyone in the group
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Ferdinand Tonnies came up with
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Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
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Gemeinschaft
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means "community"
people are tight with each other |
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Gesellschaft
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means "society"
traditional values are weak |
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Emile Durkheim came up with
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mechanical solidarity
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