Sociology Chapter 3&4

Front 1

What is a Society?

Back 1

people who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with one another, and share elements of a common culture.

Front 2

What happened in the first great technological revolution that sociologist call the agricultural revolution?

Back 2

farming societies emerged and began to supplant them.

Front 3

What did the Industrial Revolution produce?

Back 3

much larger populations, many more goods and services, urbanization, militarization, and erosion and disappearance of thousands of rural communities.

Front 4

What has the third major revolution produced?

Back 4

the information revolution- computers and other advanced technologies.

Front 5

What is a sociocultural evolution?

Back 5

a process in which societies grow more complex in terms of technology, social structure, and cultural knowledge over time.

Front 6

What do all contemporary societies share?

Back 6

they all are characterized by large-scale social structures that span the globe and link billions of people

Hint 6

link

Front 7

hunting gathering society

Back 7

a society in which people make their living by hunting, collecting wild foods, and fishing with simple technologies.

Hint 7

hunting

Front 8

pastoral society

Back 8

society that depends for its livelihood on domestic animals

Hint 8

domestic animals

Front 9

horticultural society

Back 9

society in which hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops

Hint 9

domesticated crops

Front 10

agrarian society

Back 10

society that depends on crops raised with plows, draft animals, and intensive agricultural methods.

Hint 10

agricultural methods

Front 11

What do post industrial societies require in order to function?

Back 11

most advanced technologies

Front 12

What is the first trend evident in postindustrial societies promoted by technomedia?

Back 12

a polarization of society into "haves" and "have-nots" in terms of both wealth and infromation

Front 13

What is the second trend evident in post industrial societies promoted by technomedia?

Back 13

a growing individualism and widespread disengagement from face-to-face social interaction and collective action

Front 14

What has supplanted local community life?

Back 14

Virtual communities

Front 15

What is culture?

Back 15

the learned set of beliefs, values, and material goods shared by group members.

Hint 15

every thing learned in groups during the life course- from infancy to old age.

Front 16

What are the two major components that make up culture?

Back 16

material and non material culture.

Front 17

Material culture

Back 17

includes artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that create and assign meanings.

Front 18

Nonmaterial culture

Back 18

refers to mental blue prints that serve as guidelines for group behavior. Include collective assumptions, languages, beliefs, values, norms, and attitudes of groups

Front 19

what is a symbol?

Back 19

anything to which group members assign meaning.

Front 20

What are beliefs?

Back 20

assertions about the nature of reality.

Front 21

What do beliefs provide?

Back 21

fundamental orientation to the world and answer questions about proper relations among people, good and evil, and the destiny of humans and the universe.

Front 22

values

Back 22

shared ideas about what is socially desirable

Front 23

What are the U.S. core values?

Back 23

1. individualism and freedom
2. equality
3. achievement
4. effieciency and practicality
5. progress and technology
6. material comfort and consumerism
7. work and leisure

Front 24

Norms

Back 24

expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide the behavior of group members. Provide guidelines that tell members how they should think or act.

Front 25

What do norms provide that tell members how they should think or act in any given social situation?

Back 25

guidelines

Front 26

What are the four major kinds of norms?

Back 26

folkways, mores, laws, and taboos

Front 27

What is the most common norm?

Back 27

Folkways

Front 28

What are folkways?

Back 28

informal rules and expectations that guide people's every day behavior. Include things such as etiquette, table manners, proper appearance, and many simple day behaviors that include "self control"

Front 29

proscriptive norms

Back 29

norms we should not do. example: cheat on exams

Front 30

prescriptive norms

Back 30

norms we should do. example: take and pass exams

Front 31

Mores

Back 31

salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society. Have considerable moral significance and are closely tied to values.

Hint 31

the "thou Shalt not's" steal, commit adultery, or commit murder, and other "sacred commandments"are serious ______.

Front 32

What do mores protect?

Back 32

good and right.

Front 33

Formal Sanctions

Back 33

rewards or punishments administered by specialized agents of society.

Front 34

What do important mores become encoded into?

Back 34

laws

Front 35

laws

Back 35

formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to member of society.

Front 36

taboos

Back 36

prohibitions against behaviors that most members of a group consider to be so repugnant they are unthinkable.

Hint 36

example: eating human flesh, parent-child and sibling sex.

Front 37

What enforces the use if sanctions?

Back 37

norms

Front 38

sanctions

Back 38

penalties or rewards society encourage conformity and punish deviance.

Hint 38

Example: parents are expected to feed, clothe, and care for their children.

Front 39

culture shock

Back 39

feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a different culture.

Front 40

etnnocentrism

Back 40

tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to one's own cultural standards

Front 41

Ethnocentrism can enhance a group stability by providing members with?

Back 41

roots and strong sense of meaning and purpose.

Front 42

cultural relativism

Back 42

asks that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards, not ours

Front 43

subcultures

Back 43

groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values, norms, and lifestyles.

Hint 43

with in organizations, management and workers maintain their own symbols, specialized languages, and material culture.

Front 44

countercultures

Back 44

reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and provide alternatives to mainstream culture.

Front 45

theory of marginality

Back 45

marginal status of adolescence has contributed to the proliferation of youth subcultures and even countercultures.

Front 46

what does multiculturalism recognize?

Back 46

recognizes cultural diversity as a national asset rather than a liability.

Front 47

Multiculturalism

Back 47

encourages respect and appreciation for cultural difference.

Front 48

assimilationist approach

Back 48

demands that immigrant groups abandon their cultural heritage and adopt the traditions of the host group.

Front 49

popular culture

Back 49

comprises tastes and creations that appeal to the masses.

Front 50

Example of popular culture

Back 50

prime time television, Elvis statues, live concerts by popular artists, ect.

Front 51

ideal culture

Back 51

what people should do, according to group, norms and values

Front 52

real culture

Back 52

what people do in everyday social interaction

Front 53

cultural lag

Back 53

inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially in the relationship between technology and nonmaterial culture

Front 54

cultural ecological approach

Back 54

examines the relationship between a culture and its total environment.

Front 55

What to functionalist contend in the cultural ecological approach?

Back 55

that we must examine the full context of the practice to understand it

Front 56

Functionalism shows how the cultural practices.....

Back 56

"fit together" (cultural integration)

Front 57

cultural hegemony

Back 57

the dominant of cultural industries by elite groups. include: educational system, religion, family, and media.

Front 58

According to the conflict perspective what is not necessarily a product of consensus and "social need"?

Back 58

values, beliefs, and traditions of a nation or society

Front 59

What does the interactionist approach focus on?

Back 59

how individuals and groups use symbols to define and interpret reality. this emphasizes that people everywhere live in "symbolic worlds"

Front 60

What are the three revolutions that have changed our cultural life?

Back 60

1. Agricultural Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Information revolution

Front 61

What do postindustrial societies require?

Back 61

the most advanced technologies in order to function. Examples: high tech computers, robotics, laser technology, ect.