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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is culture? |
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behaviour Culture includes all objects and ideas within a society, values, customs and artifacts pf groups of people. Does not always refer to fine arts |
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What are cultural universals? |
all societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs (marriage, funerals etc.) Can change dramatically over time due to innovation and diffusion |
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What is innovation? |
process of introducing an idea or object that is new to a culture. There are two forms: 1. Discovery: Making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality 2.Invention: existing cultural items are combined in a form that did not exist before |
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What is diffusion? |
The process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society (exploration, mass media, tourism, the internet etc.) |
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True or False One may feel a loss of identity if bombarded by so many new cultures |
True. Also, we can take advantage of other cultures innovations |
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What is globalization? |
Worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trades and the exchange of ideas |
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What is technology? (Through the perspective of culture) |
Information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires (accelerates diffusion and transmits culture) |
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What is the difference between material and non-material culture? |
Material Culutre: Physical or technological aspects of our daily lives Nonmaterial culture: ways of using material objects and also customs, beliefs, philosophies, and patterns of communication NOTE: Non-material is more resistant to change than material culture |
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What is a culture lag? |
refers to a period of maladjustment when the non-material culture is still adapting to new material conditions |
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What is the McDonaldization of society? |
How the principles of fats food restaurants developed in US have come to dominate more and more sectors of society throughout the world |
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What are the elements of culture? |
-Language -Norms -Sanctions -Values |
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What is Language? |
An abstract system word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture, foundation of every culture |
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What does language include? |
Speech, written characters, numerals, symbols and gestures as well as expressions of nonverbal communication |
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What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? |
-Language precedes thought (since we conceptualize the world through language) -Language is not a given -Language is culturally determined |
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What is Gender-based language? |
traditional acceptance of men and women in certain circumstances |
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True or False. Introducing a language is easy |
False. Language can shape our senses, the way we think, communicates norms and values to people. This is why introducing a language is such a sensitive issue |
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What is nonverbal communication? |
Use of gestures, facial expressions and other visual images to communicate. It varies among cultures. Learned just as we learn languages |
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What are symbols?
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the gestures, objects and words that form the basis of human communication |
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What are norms? |
Established standards of behaviour maintained by society In order for a norm to be significant, it must be widely shared and understood |
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What is the difference between formal norms and informal norms? |
Formal Norms: Norms that are written down and specify strict punishments for violations Informal Norms: genrally understood but not precisely recorded |
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What are Mores? |
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of a people (ex. incest) |
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What are Folkways? |
Norms governing everyday behaviour such as table manners |
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True or False. Norms are never subject to change |
False. Norms are subject to change as political, economic and social conditions of a culture are transformed |
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True or False. Norms may conflict with one another |
True Norms may be violated because one norm conflicts with another or the same actions under different circumstances may cause someone to be viewed as a hero, or a villain |
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What are sanctions? |
Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm |
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How can actions be positive or negative? |
Conformity to a norm can lead to positive sanctions (pay raise, medals, compliments) Negative sanctions include fines, threats etc. |
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How are sanctions applied? |
-Applying sanctions first entails detecting violations of norms or obedience to norms. A person cannot be penalized or rewarded unless someone with the power to provide sanctions is aware of the person's actions |
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What are values? |
Values are collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable and proper (or bad, undesirable and improper in a culture) |
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What other purpose do values serve? |
They influence people's behaviour Act as a criteria for evaluating actions of others |
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What do Canadian values include? |
-Freedom and Democracy -Multiculturalism -Kind/Caring -Peaceful Country -Beauty of the Land -Quality of Life |
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True or False Values are based on ethnic background |
False. Values are based on ethnic background BUT also based on age, generation, language and gender |
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How does a functionalist view culture? |
-Cultural practices persists if it performs a function society needs |
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How does a conflict view culture? |
Society's most powerful groups and institutions control wealth and property, but they also produce the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education and the media |
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What is dominant ideology? |
describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful social, economic and political interests |
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How does a interactionist view culture? |
Examine cultural practices from a micro perspective in order to understand larger macro phenomenon (such as consumerism) |
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How does a feminist view culture? |
Analyze how dominant ideology contributes to the control and marginalization of women and gender dynamics |
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What is a subculture? |
a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways and values that differs from the larger society |
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What is an Argot? |
Specialized language that distinguishes a subculture from the wider society |
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What is counterculture? |
a subculture that opposes certain aspects of the larger culture |
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What is culture shock? |
When someone feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place or fearful hen immersed in an unfamiliar culture |
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What is Multiculturalism? |
a policy that promotes cultural and racial diversity and full and equal participation of individuals and communities or all origins |
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What are the three main forms of multiculturalism? |
1. Identity: giving people of various backgrounds a sense of belonging) 2. Civic Participation: developing citizens who are involved in the country) 3. Social Justice: country that ensures fair and equitable treatment of people of all origins |
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What are the two ideal outcomes of multiculturalism? |
1. Survival of Ethnic Groups 2. Absence of prejudice toward ethnic minorities |
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In terms of Multiculturalism,what metaphor can be used to compare Canada and the US |
Canada: The Salad (or the mosiac) USA: The Melting Pot |
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What is Eurocentrism? |
Domination of European cultural patterns in Canada |
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What is cultural imperialism? |
the influence or imposition of the material or nonmaterial elements of a culture on another culture(s) |
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What is Ethnocentrism? |
Tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represents the norm or is superior to all others |
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What is cultural relativism? |
Views of people's behaviours from the perspective of their own culture |
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What is Xenocentrism? |
Belief that products, styles or ideas of one's society are inferior to those that originate elsewhere |
