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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Culture
is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behaviors It includes the ideas, values, and artifacts of groups of people
Society
When they live in the same territory are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture
Culture Industry
That standardizes the good and services demanded by consumers
Cultural Universals
All societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs. Many cultural universals are, in fact, adaption to meet essential human needs, such as the need for food, shelter, and clothing.
Ethnocentrism
Refer to the tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life represents the norm or are superior to all others. The ethnocentric person sees his or her group as the center or defining point of culture and view all other cultures as deviations from what is "normal"
Cultural Relativism
Means view people's behavior from the perspective of their culture. It places a priority on understand other cultures, rather than dismissing them as "Strange" or "exotic"
Cultural Genocide
refers to the systemic destruction of a group's culture. Social scientist have used the term to describe one nation's efforts to suppress another nation's language
Sociobiology
Is the systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior. Sociobiology assert that many of the cultural traits human display, such as the almost universal expectation that women will be nurtures and men will be providers, are not learned but are rooted in our genetic makeup.
The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture is known as _____
innovation
Discovery
involves makign known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality
Invention
Results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before
Diffusion
to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society
Technology
"cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires"
Material culture
refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, inc food, houses, factories, and raw materials
Non material Cultural
Refers to ways of using material objects, as well as to customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and pattern of communication
Subculture
is segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from pattern of the larger society
Argot
or specialized language that distinguishes it from the wider society
When a subculture conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of larger cultures, it is known as a _____. _____ typically thrive among the young, who have the least investment in the existing culture.
Counterculture.
Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture may be experiencing _____.
Culture shock
Language
is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. It includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and expressions.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
(1) becuase people can conceptualize the world only through language, language precedes thought. The the word symbols and grammar of a language organize the world for us. (2) language is not given. Rather, it is culturally determined, and it encourages a distinctive interpretations of reality by focusing our attention on certain phenomena.
Symbols
are gestures, objects and words that form the basis of human communication. The thumbs up gesture. a gold star sticker, and smiley face in an email are all symbols.
Norms
are established standards of behavior maintained by a society. For a norm to become significant, it must be widely shared and understood.
Formal norms
generally have been written down and specify strict punishments for violators
Law
"governmental social control", meaning that laws are formal norms enforced by the state
Informal norms
generally understood but not precisely recorded
Mores
are norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of a people. Each society demands obedience to its mores; violation can lead to severe penalties
Folkways
are norms governing everyday behavior. Folkways play an important role in shaping the daily behavior of members of a culture
Sanctions
Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
Value
are these collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable and improper-in culture
Cultural War
Or the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements
Dominant ideology
describe the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interest.