Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Applied sociology
|
The use of sociological research and theory in solving real human problems.
|
|
|
Conflict theory
|
Emphasizes the role of coercion or power in producing social order, in contrast to functionalism's focus on order and stability.
|
|
|
Diversity
|
The variety of group experiences that result from the social structure of society.
|
|
|
Empirical
|
Based on careful, systematic observations, rather than previous assumptions or "common sense." (Sociology is a ____ discipline.)
|
|
|
Functionalism
|
Investigates how each part of society contributes to the stability of the whole system. ____ theorists emphasize order in society, noting that disorganization in the system leads to change. Because all parts of a society are related, a change in one part leads to changes throughout the society.
|
|
|
Issues
|
Problems that affect large numbers of people and are based in the history and institutional arrangements of society.
|
|
|
Manifest functions
|
The state, intended goals of social behavior.
|
|
|
Positivism
|
A system of thought in which accurate observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge, also emerged at this time. ____ societies could be studied using natural sciences.
|
|
|
Power
|
The role of coercion.
|
|
|
Social Darwinism
|
The idea that society evolves to allow the survival of the fittest. Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution to analyze social change.
|
|
|
Social institution
|
Established, organized systems of social behavior with a recognized purpose.
|
|
|
Sociological imagination
|
C. Wright Mills explained this concept which is the ability to identify the societal patterns that influence individual and group life.
|
|
|
Symbolic interaction theory
|
Views social interaction as the basis of society. It is used to investigate face-to-face interactions as a way of identifying the subjective meanings that people give to objects, events, and behavior.
|
|
|
Verstehen
|
An understanding of social behavior form the perspective of those engaged in it. Weber advocated that sociologists develop this to develop a more subjective understanding of how others experience the social world.
|
|
|
Capitalism
|
An economic system based on private property and the pursuit of profit (Karl Marx).
|
|
|
Debunking
|
Peter Berger used this term to refer to sociology's "unmasking tendency" or its role in looking beyond the facades of everyday life. E.g. sociology helps reveal situations in school whereby the opportunities of some children are stifled, in contrast to the common belief that all children are given the opportunity to learn and succeed.
|
|
|
Dramaturgical model
|
A perspective that sees society like a stage (or drama) wherein social actors are "on stage" projecting and portraying social roles to others. Symbolic interaction theory is found in the work of sociologist Erving Goffman, who worked in a ____ of society.
|
|
|
Enlightenment
|
The Age of Reason that strongly influenced the development of sociology. The ____ faith in the ability of human reason to solve society's problem by identifying natural social laws and processes was strongly linked to the development of modern science.
|
|
|
Humanitarianism
|
Based on the principle that human reason can successfully direct social action for the improvement of society, contributed to the discipline's emphasis on social reform.
|
|
|
Latent functions
|
Robert Merton realized that social practices can have unintended consequences that are neither immediately apparent nor necessarily the same as their stated purposes.
|
|
|
Organic metaphor
|
Early sociologists viewed society as an organism, or system of interrelated parts that work together, which they referred to as the organic metaphor.
|
|
|
Postmodernism
|
Posits that society is reflected in the words and images, or discourses, that people use to represent behavior and ideas.
|
|
|
Social action
|
Weber saw sociologists' responsibility as explaining the meaning of ____ and identifying the context in which that human behave. (Behavior to which people given meaning).
|
|
|
Social facts
|
The social patterns that are external to individuals (such as values).
|
|
|
Social structure
|
Mills' distinction between troubles and issues is the basis of the difference between individual experience and ____ OR the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that constitute society.
|
|
|
Sociology
|
The study of human behavior of society.
|
|
|
Troubles
|
Privately felt, personal problems that are based in events or emotions in an individual's life.
|
|
|
Jane Addams
|
One of the most renowned sociologists of her day and a leader in the settlement house movement. Used her skills as a research sociologist to develop community projects to help people in need.
|
|
|
Charles Horton Cooley
|
Believed that an individual's identity is based on his/her understanding of how others perceive them.
|
|
|
Oliver Cromwell Cox
|
Analyzed racial prejudice, discrimination, and segregation in the U.S. He examined the origins of capitalism and assumed a global approach to understanding the relationship among social systems, economic markets, and political structures.
|
|
|
Alexis de Tocqueville
|
Analyzed U.S. society and the democratic culture and structure. Thought democratic and egalitarian values influenced U.S. social institutions and also transformed personal relationships. (A democracy gave people an overall voice, but individuals lost their opinions and voice).
|
|
|
Emile Durkheim
|
Public rituals create social solidarity. People in society are glued together by belief systems. Conceived of society as an integrated whole, each part contributing to the overall stability of the system. His work is the basis for functionalism. Discovered the social basis of human behavior. Noted that social facts were the proper subject of sociology. ("Social facts").
|
|
|
Erving Goffman
|
He worked in a dramaturgical model of society and the symbolic interaction theory is found in his work.
|
|
|
Karl Marx
|
Devoted to explaining how capitalism shaped the society. Believed economic organization of society was the most important influence. Analyzed capitalism as an economic system with enormous implications for how society is organized.
|
|
|
Robert Merton
|
Discovered latent functions and distinguished those from manifest functions.
|
|
|
Robert Park
|
Investigated interaction between people of different races as well as the sociological design of cities. He developed the concentric circle model of urbanization.
|
|
|
Georg Simmel
|
Suggested a stranger may provide unique insight when s/he is not limited by the common assumptions and perspectives of the group.
|
|
|
William Graham Sumner
|
Claimed that "survival of the fittest" justified inequalities in society.
|
|
|
Lester Frank Ward
|
Advocated social telesis, or human intervention in the evolution of society for the improvement of society. ____ and other activist sociologists of this period believed that sociology could address the social problems that developed from industrialization and urbanization.
|
|
|
Florian Znaniecki
|
He and Thomas used Polish immigrants' personal documents to examine their social relationships and feelings about their new lives. This concept indicates that social influences are so great that people behave according to what they think is true, even with evidence to the contrary.
|
|
|
Peter Berger
|
He used the term debunking to refer to sociology's "unmasking tendency."
|
|
|
Auguste Comte
|
Believed sociology could discover the laws of human social behavior. Thought understanding the laws would enable the people to solve their society's problems. Coined the term "sociology" and was the founder of modern sociology.
|
|
|
Charles Darwin
|
Developed a theory that asserted that societies evolve along a natural course.
|
|
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
Troubled by the racial division in society. Envisioned a community-based, activist profession committed social justice. Scientific approach to sociological questions. Thought sociology should be used to study the pressing issues of the time.
|
|
|
E. Franklin Frazier
|
Was the first black person to be elected President of the American Sociological Association.
|
|
|
Harriet Martineau
|
Thought subservience of women in the U.S. was comparable to slavery. Slavery would tear the U.S. apart. Used powers of social observation to record and analyze the social structure of society. One of the founders of early sociological thought.
|
|
|
George Herbert Mead
|
Individual and society are interdependent. Further elaborated Cooley's theory that individual identity developed through people's understanding of how they are perceived by others.
|
|
|
C. Wright Mills
|
Believed sociology was the relationship between individuals and their society. Argued that sociology should be used to reveal how the context of society shapes our lives. Made distinction between "troubles" and "issues." ("Sociological imagination").
|
|
|
Talcott Parsons
|
Identified that the four principal functions of society as adaptation to the environment, goal attainment, integration of members into harmonious units, and maintenance of basic cultural patterns.
|
|
|
Herbert Spencer
|
Believed society was best left alone to follow its natural evolutionary course. Advocated a laissez-faire approach to social charge. (Believed in "social darwinism").
|
|
|
W.I. Thomas
|
And Znaniecki used Polish immigrants' personal documents to examine their social relationships and feelings about their new lives. He, along with his wife, asserted that, "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences."
|
|
|
Max Weber
|
Verstehen (an understanding of social behavior form the perspective of those engaged in it). Theorized society had 3 basic dimensions: political, economic and cultural. Credited with developing a multi-dimensional analysis of society that goes beyond Marx's analysis.
|
