Sociology Exam 1

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Sociology

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The study of human behavior on society.

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Social Structure

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Pattern of behavior in a society based on relationships between institutions (an organized pattern of social behavior)

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Social Sciences

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Psychologist, anthropologist, political scientists, economists, social workers, anyone who studies behavior.

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Sociological Imagination

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Perspective.

Applying theory in an imaginative way to a social event.

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Imperialism

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Careful and systematic observation of the world

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Debunking

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Look behind this fecade determine what is actually going on

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August Comte

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-French Philosopher

-Coins term sociology

-states sociology is pennicle of knowledge

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Alexis Tocqueville

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-French Philosopher

-States America traded a tyranny of the monarch for a tyranny of the majority

-no true freedom

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Emile Durkheil

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-Father of Sociology

-Functionalist

-States in society greatest time of strife they week bobs the closest together

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Mechanical Solidarity

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All individuals preform same tasks

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Organic Solidarity

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Individuals are compartmentalized and specialized

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Anomie

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-A state of normlessness

- so many different Norm sets you don't know which one you belong to

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Karl Marx

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-conflict theory

-inequality is what world is about

-hated inequality

-came up with communism

-BIGGEST ENEMY TO CAPITALISM

-material conception of history

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Material conception of History

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Resources available at a given time define the history of that time

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Max Weber

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-conflict theorist

-tight capitalism is not the problem, humans are

-resources come in three forms

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3 forms of resources

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-Economic (access to wealth)

-Political (ability to mulipitate)

-Cultural (how valuable is your position)

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Conflict theory

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A theoretical perspective that emphasizes the time of power and coercion in producing social order

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Diversity

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The variety of group experiences that result from the social structure of society

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Empirical

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Refers to something that is based on careful and systematic observation

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Enlightenment

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The period and 18th and 19th century Europe characterized by faith in the ability of human reasons to solve society's problems

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Feminist Theory

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Analysis of women and men in society intended to improve women's lives

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Functionalism

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A theoretical perspective that interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole society

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Issues

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Problems that affect large numbers of people and have their origins in the institutional arrangements and history of a society

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Organic Metaphor

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Refers to the similarity early sociologist saw between society and other organic systems

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positivism

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a system of thought that regards scientific observation to be the highest form of knowledge

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social change

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the alteration of social interaction, social institutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over time

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social Darwinism

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The idea that society evolves to allow the survival of the fittest

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social facts

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social patterns that are external to individuals

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social institution

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an established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose

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social interaction

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behavior between two or more people that is given meaning

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social structure

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the patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society

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sociological imaginations

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the ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life

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sociology

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the study of human behavior in society

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symbolic interaction theory

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a theoretical perspective claiming that people act toward things because of the meaning things have for them

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troubles

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privately felt problems that come from events or feelings in one individuals life

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verstehn

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the process of understanding social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it

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Beliefs

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shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture

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Counterculture

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subculture created as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture

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culture capital

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(social culture) cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital

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cultural diffusion

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the transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another

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cultural hegemony

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the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society

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cultural relativism

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the idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears

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culture

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the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society

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culture lag

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the delay in cultural adjustments to changing social conditions

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culture shock

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the feeling of disorientation that can come when one encounters a new or rapidly changed situation

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digital divide

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the persistence of inequality in people's access to electronic information

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dominant culture

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the culture of the most powerful group in society

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups

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ethnomethodology

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a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy

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folkways

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the general standards of behavior adhered to by a group

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global culture

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the diffusion of a single culture throughout the world

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language

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a set of symbols and rules that, when put together in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system

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laws

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the written set of guidelines that define what is right and wrong in society

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mass media

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channels of communication that are available to very wide segments of the population

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material culture

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the objects created in a given society

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mores

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strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior

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nonmaterial culture

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the norms, laws, customs, ideas, and beliefs of a group of people

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norms

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the specific cultural expectations for how to act in a given situation

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popular culture

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the beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditions

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reflection hypothesis

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the idea that the mass media reflect the values of the general population

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Sapir-Worf hypothesis

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a theory that language determines other aspects of culture because language provides the categories through which social reality is defined and percieved

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social media

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the term used to refer to the vast networks of social interaction that new media have created

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social sanctions

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mechanisms of social control that enforce norms

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subculture

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the culture of groups whose values and norms of behavior are somewhat different from those of the dominant culture

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symbols

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things or behavior to which people give meaning

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taboo

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those behaviors that bring the most serious santions

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values

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the abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principals

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concept

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any abstract characteristic or attribute that has the potential to be measured

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content analysis

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the analysis of meanings in cultural artifacts such as books, songs, and other forms of cultural communication

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controlled experiment

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a method of collecting data that can determine whether something actually causes something else

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correlation

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the degree of positive (direct) or negative (inverse) associations between two variables

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covert participant observation

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the form of participant observation wherein the observed individuals are not told that they are being studied

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cross-tabulation

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a table that shows how the categories of two variables are related

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data

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the systematic information that sociologist use to investigate research questions

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data analysis

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the process by which sociologist organize collected data to discover what patterns and uniformity are revealed

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debriefing

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a process whereby a researcher explains the true purpose of a research study to a subject (respondent); usually done after completion of the study

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deductive reasoning

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the process of creating a specific research question about a focused point, based on a more general or universal principle

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dependent variable

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the variable that is a presumed effect

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evaluation research

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research assessing the effect of policies and programs

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generalization

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applying information obtained on a small sample of units (such as people) to a larger population of the units

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Hawthrone effect

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the effect of the research process itself on the groups or individuals being studied; hence,m the act of studying them often itself changes them

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hypothesis

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a statement about what expects to find in research

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independent variable

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a variable that is presumed cause of a particular result

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indicator

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something that points to or reflects an abstract concept

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inductive reasoning

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the process of arriving at general conclusions from specific observations

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informant

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in convert participant observations research, a single-group member who provides "inside" information about the group being studied

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informed consent

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a formal acknowledgement by research subjects (respondents) that they understand the purpose of the research and agree to be studied

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mean

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the sum of a set of values divided by the number of cases from which the values are obtained; an average

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median

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the midpoint in a series of values that are arranged in chimerical order

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mode

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the most frequently appearing score among a set of scores

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overt participant observation

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the form of participant observations wherein the observed individuals are told that they are being studied

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participant observations

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a method whereby the sociologist becomes both a participant in the group being studied and a scientific observer of the group

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percentage

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the number of parts per hundred

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population

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a relatively large collection of people (or other unit) that researcher studies and about which generalizations are made

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qualitative research

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research that is somewhat less structures than quantitative research but that allows more depth of interpretation and nuance in what people say and do

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quantitative research

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research that uses numerical analysis

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random sample

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a sample that gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected

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rate

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parts per some number

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reliability

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the likelihood that a particular measure would produce the same results if the measure were repeated

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replication study

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research that is repeated exactly, but on a different group of people at a different point in time

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research design

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the overall logic and strategy underlying a research project

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sample

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any subset of units from a population that a researcher studies

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scientific method

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the steps in a research process, including observations, hypothesis testing, analysis of data, and generalization

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serendipity

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unanticipated, yet informative, results of a research study

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spurious correlation

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a false correlations between X and Y, produced by their relationship to some their variable (Z) rather than by a true casual relationship to each other

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Validity

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the degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept

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variable

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something that can have more than one value or score