Sociology Chap 1 & 2

Front 1

Auguste Comte

Back 1

Founder of sociology. He began to analyze social life with scientific method.

Front 2

Herbert Spence

Back 2

He created Social Darwinism- helping the poor was wrong, should let weak to perish to make the society better.

Front 3

Emile Durkheim

Back 3

Analyzed how social integration influence human behavior especially in regards to suicide rate.

Front 4

Max Weber

Back 4

Theorized connections between capitalism and protestant religion.

Front 5

Karl Marx

Back 5

Roots of human misery lay in class conflict and overthrowing of bourgeoisie by proletariat is the only solution to the problem.

Front 6

Harriet Martineau

Back 6

Born in england, one of very few female sociologists in 19 century. Wrote Society in America.
Known for translating writing of Comte.

Front 7

Jane Adams

Back 7

Co-founded Hull-House with Ellen g. Starr. Social reformer and women's rights activist.

Front 8

W.E.B. DuBois

Back 8

An activist for African American people's right. Wrote The Philadelphia Negro and The Souls of Black Folk.
Analyzed changes that occurred to African Americans during 30 years after Civil War.

Front 9

C. Wright Mills

Back 9

He warned "the power elite", the top leaders of business, politics and military, would restrict freedom of American people.

Front 10

Sociological perspective/ sociological imagination

Back 10

Understanding human behavior from broader social context.

Front 11

Society

Back 11

A group of people who share a culture and a territory.

Front 12

Scientific method

Back 12

Objective systematic observation used to test theories.

Front 13

Positivism

Back 13

The idea of applying the scientific method to the social world.

Front 14

Sociology

Back 14

The study of society

Front 15

Social integration

Back 15

The degree to which people are tied to their social group.

Front 16

Applied sociology

Back 16

sociological research whose purpose is to solve problems of society.

Front 17

Basic (pure) sociology

Back 17

Sociological research whose purpose is to make discoveries.

Front 18

Theory

Back 18

General statement about how some parts of the world fit together.

Front 19

Symbolic interaction

Back 19

One of three theoretical frameworks sociology use to interpret social life. It examines how people use symbols to develop and share their views of the world.

Front 20

Functional analysis (functionalism, structural funtionalism)

Back 20

Second of three theoretical frameworks used by sociologists. It is based on an idea that for society to function smoothly, it's parts must work together.

Front 21

What are two other ways of calling functional analysis?

Back 21

Functionalism
Structural functionalism

Front 22

Function

Back 22

Beneficial consequences of people's actions.

Front 23

Manifest function

Back 23

Intended primary function

Front 24

Latent function

Back 24

Unintentional, secondary function

Front 25

Dysfunction

Back 25

Harmful consequences of people's actions.

Front 26

Conflict theory

Back 26

The third theoretical framework used by sociologist. It is based on an idea that society is composed of groups that are competing with one another for scarce resouces.

Front 27

Macro level

Back 27

To examine large- scale patterns of society- functionalism, conflict theory

Front 28

Latent dysfunction

Back 28

Unintentional, disruptive consequences of people's actions.

Front 29

Micro level

Back 29

To examine social interaction of people.
- symbolic interactionism

Front 30

nonverbal interaction

Back 30

Communication done through gestures, silence, use of space.

Front 31

Hypothesis

Back 31

Statement of what you expect to find according to predictions from a theory.

Front 32

Variables

Back 32

Factors that change

Front 33

Research method

Back 33

The means used to collect data.

Front 34

Validity

Back 34

The extent to which the data
collected gives a true measurement / description of "social reality."

How accurately collected data measures what it claims to be measuring.

Front 35

Reliability

Back 35

Accuracy of measuring procedure.
(Repeatable)

Front 36

Sample

Back 36

Narrowed down target population.

Front 37

Random sample

Back 37

Method of selecting a portion of target population using tables of random numbers. It included the same demographic groups as the whole population.

Front 38

Population

Back 38

The target group that you are going to study.

Front 39

Closed end questions

Back 39

Questions followed by a list of possible answers to choose from.

Front 40

Open ended questions

Back 40

Questions which allow people to answer in their own words.

Front 41

Participant observation

Back 41

Method of research in which a researcher collect data, while he participate in the event studied.

Front 42

Experiment

Back 42

Observation made in controlled environment, where variables can be isolated.

Front 43

Experiment group

Back 43

Group that received a treatment or an intervention.

Front 44

Control group

Back 44

Group that did not receive any treatments or interventions.

Front 45

Independent variable

Back 45

Something that causes a change in another variable (dependent variable).

Front 46

Dependent variable.

Back 46

The variable that may change due to independent variable.

Front 47

Unobtrusive measures

Back 47

Observing behavior of people who are not aware that they are being studied.

Front 48

Secondary analysis

Back 48

Analyzing data others have collected.

Front 49

Value free

Back 49

Sociologist value should not affect research.

Front 50

Values

Back 50

Beliefs about what is good or desirable in life.

Front 51

Who is the father and founder of sociology?

Back 51

Auguste Comte

Front 52

Who is associated with "Social Darwinism"?

Back 52

Herbert Spencer

Front 53

What major theory is Karl Marx associated with?

Back 53

Class conflict can be only be resolved by revolution of proletariat.

Front 54

What are three major theories ( sociological perspectives) used in sociology?

Back 54

Symbolic interactionism
Functional analysis
Conflict theory

Front 55

What is the difference between "manifest" and "latent" functions?

Back 55

Intentional primary function and unintentional secondary function.

Front 56

What is a "dysfunction" or "latent dysfunction function"?

Back 56

Dysfunction- consequences of people's action that harm a society.
Latent function is unintentional consequences of people's action that harm a society.

Front 57

What is the difference between "applied sociology" and "basic sociology"?

Back 57

Applied sociology- Sociology used to solve problems in a society.

Basic sociology- Sociological study done to make new discoveries.

Front 58

What are different research method used in scientific sociology? (6)

Back 58

Survey
Participant observation (fieldwork)
Secondary analysis
Documents
Experiments
Unobtrusive measures

Front 59

What are two groups used in experiments?

Back 59

Experimental group
Control group

Front 60

What is the difference between open and closed ended questions?

Back 60

Open ended question- people can use their own words to answer.

Closed ended question- people have to choose from a list of answers.

Front 61

Culture

Back 61

Language, beliefs, values, norms and material objects that passed from one generation to the next.

Front 62

Material culture

Back 62

Culture that consists of objects such as art, buildings, clothing, weapons and tools.

Front 63

Non material culture

Back 63

Group's way of thinking and its patterns of behavior.

Front 64

Culture shock

Back 64

Disorientation experienced by an individual who comes in contact with another culture.

Front 65

Ethnocentrism

Back 65

A tendancy to use our own group's ways of doing things as a yardstick for judging others.

Front 66

Cultural relativism

Back 66

Understanding a culture on its own terms.

Front 67

Symbol

Back 67

Something to which people attach meaning and use to communicate with one another.

Front 68

Gesture

Back 68

Movements of the body to communicate with others.

Front 69

Language

Back 69

Symbols that can be combined for the purpose of communicating abstract thought.

Front 70

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 70

Language both reflect and shapes our cultural experiences/ thought and perceptions.

(Language embedded within it ways of looking at the world.)

Front 71

Values

Back 71

The idea of what is desirable in life.

Front 72

Norms

Back 72

Expectations that develop out of a group's value.

Front 73

Sanctions

Back 73

Reaction people receive for following or breaking norms.

Front 74

Positive sanctions and negative sanctions.

Back 74

Positive- approval for following a norm.

Negative- disapproval for breaking a norm.

Front 75

Folkway

Back 75

Norms that are not strictly enforced.

Front 76

Mores

Back 76

Behaviors that are essential to our core values and the group demand conformity.

Front 77

Taboo

Back 77

Norm so strongly ingrained that even though of its violation is greeted with revulsion.

Front 78

Subculture

Back 78

A group of people with a culture of their own.

Front 79

Counterculture

Back 79

A group of people with a culture that are at odds with the dominant culture.

Front 80

Pluralistic society

Back 80

Society made up of different groups.

Front 81

Ideal culture

Back 81

The values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal.

Front 82

Real culture

Back 82

Norms and values that people actually follow.

Front 83

Technology

Back 83

Tools, skills and procedures necessary to make and use those tools.

Front 84

New technology

Back 84

An emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life.

Front 85

Cultural lag

Back 85

When one part of a culture change, other parts lag behind.

Ex. Outmoded customs

Front 86

Cultural diffusion

Back 86

Cultures spreading to different parts of the world.

Front 87

Cultural leveling

Back 87

a process in which cultures become similar to one another.

Front 88

What is the difference between material and non-material culture?

Back 88

Material- things in the culture such as art, jewelry, buildings, weapons, machines, eating utensils, hairstyles, clothing.

Non material- the culture's way of thinking, belief, values and other assumption about the world.

Front 89

What are the different components of symbolic culture?

Back 89

Gestures, languages, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores

Front 90

What are norms?

Back 90

Expectation developed out of a group's value.

Front 91

What is the difference between "folkways", "mores", and "taboos"?

Back 91

People do not strictly enforce folkways, even though it is a preferred way, while they demand to conform to mores- attending a business meeting in a clown suit. Taboos are something the culture absolutely prohibits- homicide

Front 92

Define "Ideal culture" and "real culture".

Back 92

Ideal culture- values, norms and goals that the culture considers ideal.

Real culture- values and norms that people actually follow.

Recycle, Green energy, Fitness

Front 93

What is a subculture?

Back 93

A GROUP whose values and behavior distinguish them from the general culture.

Front 94

What is a countercultre?

Back 94

A GROUP with values that stand in opposition to those of dominant culture.

Front 95

Define culture shock.

Back 95

Disorientation experienced by an individual, when he/she encounters another culture.

Front 96

What is a "cultural lag"?

Back 96

When one part of the culture changes, other parts remains the same as before.

Cup that contained urine sanitized.
Young population using computers, while older ones feels lost.

Front 97

What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?

Back 97

Ethnocentrism- Using their own group's norms as a standard to measure other cultures.

Cultural relativism- Understanding other cultures on their own term without judgment.