Sociology Ch.5

Front 1

Social interaction

Back 1

is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

Front 2

Social structure

Back 2

is the complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up society and that organize and establish limits on people behavior.

Front 3

Social Structure: The Macrolevel Perspective

Back 3

Social structure provides the framework within which we interact with other.

Social structure gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter.

Social structure helps people make sense of their environment even when they find themselves on the streets.

Social structure creates boundaries that define which persons or groups will be the "insiders" and which will be the "outsiders"

Front 4

Components of social structure

Back 4

Status

Role

Groups

Social Institutions

Front 5

Status

Back 5

is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.

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status set

Back 6

comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time

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ascribed status

Back 7

is a social positions conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control

EX. male, child, Hispanic

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achieved status

Back 8

is a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

Ex: college graduate, drug user, wife

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master status

Back 9

is the most important status that a person occupies

Front 10

status symbols

Back 10

are material signs that inform others of a person's specific status.

Front 11

Role

Back 11

is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status

Front 12

Role expectation

Back 12

is a group's or society's definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played.

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Role performance

Back 13

is how a person actually plays the role.

Front 14

Role conflict

Back 14

occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

Front 15

Role strain

Back 15

occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.

Front 16

Role exit

Back 16

occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity

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Social group

Back 17

consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

Front 18

primary group

Back 18

is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

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secondary group

Back 19

is a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time

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Formal organization

Back 20

is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

Front 21

social institutions

Back 21

is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs

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Essential tasks of social institutions

Back 22

replace members

teach new members

producing, distributing, and consuming goods

preserving order

providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

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Division of labor

Back 23

refers to how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed

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Mechanical solidarity

Back 24

refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

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Organic solidarity

Back 25

refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people preform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence

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Genmeinschaft

Back 26

is a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability

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Gesellschaft

Back 27

is a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.

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Social construction of reality

Back 28

is the process by which our perceptions of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

Front 29

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 29

is a false belief or prediction that produced behavior that makes the original false belief come true.

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Ethnomethodology

Back 30

is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves

Front 31

Dramaturgical analysis

Back 31

is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

Front 32

Social script

Back 32

is a playbook that the actors use to guide their verbal replies and overall performance to achieve the desired goals of the conversation or fulfill the role they are playing.

Front 33

Impression management

Back 33

refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interest or image

Front 34

Face-saving behavior

Back 34

refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss face.

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Nonverbal communication

Back 35

is the transfer of information between persons without the use of word

facial expression

eye contact

touching

personal space- the immediate are surrounding a person that the person claims as private