Sociology Ch.1

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Sociology

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Is the scientific study of social behavior and human groups.

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Sociology focuses on

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The influence of social relationships on people's attitudes. How societies are created and changed.

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Sociological Imagination

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Is the awareness between the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.

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What is a key element of sociological imagination?

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Is the ability to view one's own society as an outsider would, than from the perspective of personal experiences and cultural biases.

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Sociological Theory

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Is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior.

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What do effective theories need?

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They need to have explanatory and predictive power.

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Early Thinkers: Auguste Comte

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(1798 - 1857) The father of sociology. Believed that theoretical science of society and a systematic investigation of behavior were needed to improve French society.

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Early Thinkers: Harriet Martineau

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(1802 - 1876) Emphasized the impact that economy, law, trade, health, and population on social problems. Wrote the first book on sociological methods.

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Early Thinkers: Herbert Spencer

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(1820 - 1903) Did not feel the need to improve or correct society, but hoped to understand it better. Applied the concept of evolution to explain how species change, or evolve over time.

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Microsociology:

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Looking at individual interactions. Usually an experimental group.

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Macrosociology:

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Larger scale influences in a large society. For example, Emile Durkheim's study on religion and suicide.

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Functionalist Perspective:

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Emphasizes the way that the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. Does it make a contribution?

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Dysfunction:

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Refers to an element or process of society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability.

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Manifest Functions:

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Open, Stated, and intended functions Recognized consequences of an aspect of society. For example, A university's role in academic excellence.

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Latent Functions:

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More hidden, not widely known functions. Unintended. For example, people seeking martial partners at college.

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Conflict Perspectives:

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Assumes social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups.

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Example of Conflict Perspectives:

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Form of labor negotiations, party politics, or power over resources like money and housing.

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The Marxist View:

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Conflict is apart of everyday life in all societies.

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Examples of the Marxist View:

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Women and men, Cities and suburbs, and Whites and Blacks.

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Feminist Perspective:

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Views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization.

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Example of Feminist Perspective:

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Sports that reinforce gender roles (Men are more likely to use steroids, and women are more likely to excessive dieting.)

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Interactionist Perspective:

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Generalize about everyday forms of social interactions to understand society as a whole.

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Example of Interactionist Perspective:

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Social interaction between a driver and passenger.

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Which perspective should a sociologist use in studying human behavior - functionalist, conflict, interactionist, feminist?

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All of them. Sociologists gain broadcast understanding on all major perspectives, noting where they overlap and differ. Each perspective offers unique insight.

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Scientific method:

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Systematic organized series of steps in researching a problem.

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Steps for scientific method: #1

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Defining the problem - What you hope to investigate.

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Steps for scientific method: #2

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Review the Literature - avoiding mistakes already made, learn helpful techniques, and refining the problem.

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Steps for scientific method:#3

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Formulating the hypothesis - Has to be testable variables that suggests how one aspect of human behavior affects or influences another.

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What are examples of variables in sociology studies?

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Income, religion, occupation, and gender.

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What is the variable called that is predicted to cause or influence another?

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Independent Variables

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What is it called when its actions depends on the influence of something else?

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A dependent variable

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Casual Logic:

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Relationship between a condition or variable, and a particular consequence leading to the other.

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Example of Casual Logic:

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Being less apart of society (the independent variable) may be directly related to or produce a greater chance of suicide (the dependent variable).

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a ______ exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another.

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Correlation

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Steps for scientific method:#4

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Collecting and analyzing data.

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Sample:

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A selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population.

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What kind of sample do social scientist use most often?

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A random sample, every member of an entire population has the same chance of being selected.

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Validity:

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Refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.

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Reliability:

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Refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results.

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What is one problem of reliability?

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Some people may not disclose accurate information.

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Steps for scientific method: #5

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Developing your conclusion - ends a specific part of an investigation, but generates ideas for future study.

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What is a detailed plan or method to get data scientifically?

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Research Design

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Surveys are an example of ________.

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Quantitative Research, in which scientists collect and report data primarily in numerical form. It is great for large samples.

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What is the problem with quantitative research?

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It doesn't offer great depth and detail on the topic.

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Researchers also use __________, which relies on what scientists see in field and small settings.

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Qualitative research

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What is the most common form of qualitative research?

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Ethnography - is the effort to describe an entire social setting through extended systematic observation.

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What is the basic technique of ethnography?

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Observation - closely watching a group.

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What is the approach where sociologists join a group for a period, to get a sense of how it operates?

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Participant Observation

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Experiment:

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Artificially made situation that allows researcher to manipulate variables.

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The _____ is exposed to an independents variable, the ____ is not.

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The experimental group and the control group

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Hawthorne effect:

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The unintended influence of observers or experiments on subjects of research, who don't do their normal behavior because they realize they are under observation.

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Secondary analysis:

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Research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data. EX: census data, crime, birth,marriage statistics

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Content analysis:

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Systematic coding and objective recording of data guided by some rationale. Ex: newspapers, radio, scripts

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Sociologists must also abide by certain specific standards in conducting research, called a _________.

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Code of ethics

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ASA Code of Ethics #1

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Maintain objectivity and integrity in research.

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ASA Code of Ethics #2

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Respect the subject's right to privacy and dignity.

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ASA Code of Ethics#3

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Protect subject's from personal harm.

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ASA Code of Ethics#4

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Preserve confidentiality

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ASA Code of Ethics#5

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Seek informed consent.

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ASA Code of Ethics#6

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Acknowledge research collaboration and assistance.

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ASA Code of Ethics#7

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Disclose all sources of finical support.

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Applied Sociology

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The application of sociological knowledge to real-world social problems.

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Public sociology

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Encouraging scholars to engage a broader audience in bringing about positive outcomes.

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Clinical Sociology:

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Dedicated to altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions (like reorganization of a medical center.)

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Basic Sociology:

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Seeks more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena.