Sociology Ch. 3&4

Front 1

People who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with one another, and share many elements of a common culture

Back 1

Society

Front 2

First change in society

Back 2

Agricultural Revolution

Front 3

third revolution produced by technology

Back 3

information revolution

Front 4

a society that relies onmachines and advanced technology to produce and distribute food, information, goods, and services

Back 4

industrial society

Front 5

one in which service industries and the manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the economy

Back 5

postindustrial society

Front 6

the learned set of beliefs, values, norms and material goods shared by group members

Back 6

culture

Front 7

artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that people create and assign meanings

Back 7

material culture

Front 8

mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for group behavior

Back 8

nonmaterial culture

Front 9

assertions about the nature of reality

Back 9

beliefs

Front 10

shared ideas about what is socially desirable

Back 10

values

Front 11

U.S. core values

Back 11

individualism and freedom
equality
achievement
efficiency and practicality
progress and technology
material comfort and consumerism
work and leisure

Front 12

expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide that behavior of group members

Back 12

norms

Front 13

informal rules and expectations that guide people's everyday behavior

Back 13

folkways

Front 14

norms that tell us what not to do

Back 14

proscriptive norms

Front 15

norms that tell us what we should do

Back 15

prescriptive norms

Front 16

salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of soceity

Back 16

mores

Front 17

clearly defined rewards or punishments administered by specialized agents of society

Back 17

formal sanctions

Front 18

formal rules enacted and enforced by tghe power of the state

Back 18

laws

Front 19

prohibitions against behaviors that most members of a group consider to be so repugnant they are unthinkable

Back 19

taboos

Front 20

penalties or rewards society uses to encourage conformity and punish deviance

Back 20

santions

Front 21

feelings of confusion and disorentation that occur when a person encounters a very defferent culture

Back 21

culture shock

Front 22

the tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups acoording the one's own cultural standards

Back 22

ethnocentrism

Front 23

asks that we evaluate othe cultures acoording to their standards, not ours

Back 23

cultural relativism

Front 24

guard agianst vewing all cultural practices as being equally valid and worthy of respect

Back 24

The Relativist Fallacy

Front 25

groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values, norms, and lifestyles

Back 25

subcultures

Front 26

reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and prvide alternatives to mainstream culture

Back 26

countercultures

Front 27

encourages respect and appreciation for cultural defference

Back 27

multiculturalism

Front 28

the belief that European cultures have contribute the most to human knowledge and are superior to all others

Back 28

Eurocentrism

Front 29

emphasizes the preeminence of African and African Americand culture in human development

Back 29

Afrocentrism

Front 30

comprises tastes and creations that sppeal to the masses

Back 30

popular culture

Front 31

what people shold do, according to group norms and values

Back 31

ideal culture

Front 32

what people do in everyday social interaction

Back 32

real culture

Front 33

inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially in the realtionshiop between technology and nonmaterial culture

Back 33

cultural lag

Front 34

a process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes, values, beliefs, and nowms of our culture and develop a sense of self

Back 34

socialization

Front 35

heredity

Back 35

nature

Front 36

enviroment

Back 36

nurture

Front 37

the process in which individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interactions

Back 37

The Looking Glass Self

Front 38

the self that emerges in a particular situation

Back 38

the situated self

Front 39

those groups and institutions that both informally and formally take on the talk of socialization

Back 39

agents of socialization

Front 40

much human behavior is learned from modeling others

Back 40

social learning thoery

Front 41

acquired through possession

Back 41

social currency

Front 42

the dominant attitudes and expectations of most members of society

Back 42

generalized others