Sociology Ch. 2

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researched satanism in teens by observing and interviewing them

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kathleen lowney

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what did lowney find about the teens practicing satanism?

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-none were mentally disturbed
-they were not any more likely to participate in criminal activity
-they provided a visible challenge to the community's dominant value systems
-provided a social clique in which its members could achieve social status and social identity

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the rules and guidelines followed in sociological research

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methodology

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knowledge based on empirical evidence gained through direct, systematic observation

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science

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a set of interrelated propositions, or statements, that attempt to explain some phenomenon

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theory

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the use of specific observations to develop a general understanding

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inductive reasoning

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reasoning that begins with a general understanding or theory that is then tested through the observation or study of specific situations

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deductive reasoning

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an abstract idea or general thought

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concept

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defining a concept through the use of other concepts

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conceptual definition

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a definition that specifies how a concept is measured

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operational definition

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the extent to which a technique accurately measures what it purports to measure

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validity

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the consistency of measurement

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reliability

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a construct that represents ways in which concepts vary or differ

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variable

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a statement that interrelates two or more variables

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proposition

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a measure indicating that two variables are related in such a way that a change in one is accompanied by a change in the other

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correlation

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a relationship in which a change in one variable creates a concomitant change in another variable; the two variables must be related, the cause must precede the effect, and the relationship between two variables must persist when all other relevant variables are controlled

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causation

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propositional statements about the relationships between the concepts or variables under study

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hypothesis

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steps in sociological research

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-statement of the problem
-review of literature
-development of hypotheses or statement of research objectives
-choice of research design
-data collection
-data analysis and interpretation
-development of conclusions
-posing new research questions

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an arithmetic average calculated by adding up all the figures and dividing by the number of cases

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mean

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the midpoint; half the scores fall above and half the scores fall below

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median

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figure that occurs most often

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mode

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the specific goals or purposes of a research project

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research objectives

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Humphrey's tea room trade

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conducted a study on homosexual acts in public restrooms. conducted interviews and questionnaires.

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research that attempts to answer the question "what?". provides a foundation on which research is built. in some ways the most important type of research in that it involves breaking new ground and asking previously unasked questions

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exploratory research

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research that answers the questions "what?" and "how?". describes what takes place and how it happens as accurately and objectively as possible

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descriptive research

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research that attempts to explain social phenomena by answering the questions "what?", "how?", and "why?". analyze and expain what takes place and how it occurs but examines why people behave the way they do in given social circumstances

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explanatory reseach

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research that measures the effectiveness of a program. it asks "does it work? is it accomplishing the specific goals and objectives set out for the program?"

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evaluation research

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a research design that emphasizes the use of numbers and statistics to analyze and explain social events and human behavior

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quantitative research designs

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the analysis of existing data

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secondary analysis

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a research design that attempts to discover a cause and effect relationship between two variables

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experimental design

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a variable that brings about change in another variable

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independent variable

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a variable that is changed by the independent variable

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dependent variable

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variables that may come between the independent and dependent variables in an experiment

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intervening variables

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subjects not exposed to the experimental variable in an experiment

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control group

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subjects exposed to the independent variable in an experiment

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experimental group

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the phenomenon where subjects' behavior is influenced by the fact that they are being studied

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hawthorne effect

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research using a questionnaire or interview to obtain data

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survey research

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a questionnaire administered to respondents by the researcher

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interview

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an entire body of people to which the sociologist would like to generalize research findings

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population

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a segment of the population

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sample

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each member of the population has an equal opportunity of being selected

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random sample

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a research design that uses systematic observation and focuses on the meanings people give to their social actions

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qualitative research design

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a qualitative technique where the researcher talks with people in an effort to learn as much as possible about them and their behavior

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ethnographic interview

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a qualitative method in which the researcher systematically observes the people being studied while participating with them in their activities

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paticipant observation

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qualitative techniques that involve intensive observation of a particular person, group, or event

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case studies

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researcher observes social action but does not participate in it or interact with participants

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nonparticipation

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researchers participation in the interaction is restricted

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limited participation

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researcher becomes actively and completely involved in the behavior being studied

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full participation

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the use of multiple techniques to gather or analyze research data

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triangulation

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research that examines and analyzes communications

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content analysis

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involves more than one researcher in order to combine "the cool detachment of the outsider and the committed view of the insider"

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team field research