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90 Cards in this Set
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social institutions
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major spheres of social life or societal systems organized to meet human needs
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economy
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social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
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goods
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commodities ranging from necessities to luxury items
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services
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activities that benefit people
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5 changes from industrialization
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1. new sources of energy
2. centralization of work in factories 3. manufacturing and mass production 4. specialization 5. wahe labor |
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postindustrial economy
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a productive system based on sercice work and computer tech
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3 changes to postindustrial
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1. from tanglible products to ideas
2. from mechanical skills to literacy skills 3. from factories to almost anywhere |
rev driven by development of computers
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primary sector
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part of the econ that draws raw materials from the natural environment
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low income countries
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secondary sector
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part of the econ that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
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in almost all countries
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tertiary sector
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part of the econ that involves services rather than goods
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in high income countries
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global economy
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economic activity tjat crosses national borders
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5 major consequences of global economy
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1. global s division of labor
2. products pass thru more than one nation 3. national gov no longer control econ activity witjin borders 4. small number of businesses operating internationally control vast share of worlds econ activity 5. raises concerns about rights and opportunities of workers (ex. outsourcing) |
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capitalism
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an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned
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3 distinctive feature of capitalism
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1. private ownership of property
2. pursuit of personal profit 3. competition and consumer choice |
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laissez-faire economy
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no gov interference; regulates self thru invisible hand/ supply and demand
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US not completely capitalist bc
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.gov owns and operates number of businesses and huge part in building the Internet
. gov regulates thru taxes to influence production .gov supplements incomes |
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socialism
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an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producting goods and services are collectively owned
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3 features od socialism
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1. collective ownership of property
2. pursuit of collective goals 3. gov control of the econ |
dont compete; try to meet needs of all
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welfare capitalism
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an economic system thay combines a mostly market based econ woth extensive social welfare programs
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gov owns some of largest industries and services (ex. transportation, media, health care)
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nationalized
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state-controlled
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state capitalism
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economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the gov
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gross domestic product (GDP)
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total value of all goods and services produced within a nations borders each year; measure of econ output
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economic inequality
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.capitalist have high std of living but more income inequality
.socialist have lower std of living but less income inequality |
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capitalism
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freedom to pursue self-interest
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socialism
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feeedom to pursue basic want
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socialist regimes become capitalist bc
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1. capitalist are more productive than socialist
2.soviet socialism is heavy handed/rigid |
today shift to socalism to reduce econ inequality
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labor unions
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orgs that aeek to improve wages and working conditions thru various strategies, including negotiations and strikes
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weak econ boosts unions
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profession
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prestigious white collar occupation that requires exrensive formal edu
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occupation considered profession if
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1. theoretical knowledge
2. self-regulating practice 3. authority over clients 4. community orientation rather than self-interest |
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paraprofessionals
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ppl/occupations that dont try to cliam professional status; have pro skills but not theoretical knowledge
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self-employment
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earning a living without being on payroll of large org; more likely nlue collar jobs
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extended unemployment
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unemployment lasts longer than before
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underemployment
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Work less hours, lower salaries, fewer benefits, and no pensions; forced to work part time
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discouraged worker
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given up entirely
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4 reasons for jobless recovery
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1. companies find ways to operate with smaller workforce
2. more companies open factories and office hubs abroad 3. US econ not hrowing gast enough to ansorb all the ppl looking for jobs 4. US workers too expensive and not highly skilled enough to do well in todays econ |
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Info rev change way of life
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1. computers are deskilling labor
2. computers are making work more abstract 3. computers limit workplace interaction 4. computers increase employers control of workers 5. computers allow companies to relocate work |
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corporation
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an org with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities separate from that of its members; can enter contracts and own property; protects owners from lawsuits
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conglomerates
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giant corporations composed of many smaller corporations;
form die to entry in new market, spin off of new companies, or merge with other companies |
linked bc own each others stock
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interlocking directorates
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networks of ppl who serve as directors of many corporations
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monopoly
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domination of a market by a single producer; no competition
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oligopoly
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domination of a market by a few producers
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modernization theorists
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say the raise in living stds;
offer tax revenue, capital investment, new jons and advance tech to accelerate econ growth |
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dependency theorists
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say multinationals make global inequality worse by blocking development of local industries and force produce exports (not food or products for local)
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long term effect of changes in econ
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1. economic future of nations plaued out in global arena
2. must address urgent issues. of global inequality and pop increase |
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politics
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social institution that distributes pwr, sets society's goals, and makes decisions
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power
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ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
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government
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formal org th at direxts political life of a society
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authority
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power that ppl perceive as legit rather than coercive
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traditional authority
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power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns
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declines as country industrialize
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rational-legal authority/bureaucratic
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power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations
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flows from offices in gov
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charismatic authority
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power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience
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depends on persons charisma and personality
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routinization of charisma
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transformation of charismatic authority into some combo of traditional and bureaucratic authority
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only way charismatic movement can survive
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monarchy
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political system in which a single family rules from heneration to generation
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legitimized by tradtion
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absolute monarchs
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claim all power based on divine right
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constitutional monarchs
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symbolic heads of states; governing responsibility is for elected officials
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democracy
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political system that gives power to the people as a whole
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Democracy and industrialization go together
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representative democracy
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puts authority in hands of leaders who compete for office in elections
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US not truly democratic bc
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1. problem of the bureaucracy (not elected and dont answer to the ppl)
2. problem of economic inequality (rich have more political power |
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authoritarianism
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political system that denies the people participation in gov;
ppl have no voice |
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totalitarianism
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highly centralized polotical system that extensively regulates ppls lives; total concentration of pwr and allows no opposition
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nongovernmental orgs
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seek to advance global issues
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ex. humans rights and environmental protection
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political culture
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individualism
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welfare state
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system of gov agencies and programs that procise benefits to the population
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political spectrum
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ranges from extremely liberal (left) to extremely conservative (right)
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economic issues
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focus on ecomonic inequality
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social issues
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moral questions about how ppl ought to live
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liberals aka democrats
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support gov in econ issues
support equal rights and opp |
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conservatives aka republicans
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limit gov in econ
support gender roles and oppose gays and pro life |
traditional
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high income ppl
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conservative econ, liberal social
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low income ppl
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liberal econ , conservative social
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ppl who liberal
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women and minorities
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conservative= men
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party identity is
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weak
urban= democrats rural= republicans |
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special interest groups
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ppl organized to address son econ or social issue
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PACs
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formed by special interest groups to raise and spend money in support of political aims
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channel moat of funds to candidates in hopes interests are taken into account
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Super PACs
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PACs that raise money without limits to engage in political activity for or against candidates
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pluralist theory
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analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups
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veto groups
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realize some goals but mostly keep opponents from achieving all of their goals
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power-elite theory
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analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated on the rich
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Marxist polotival- economy theory
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analysis that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society's econ system
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econ system shapes political system
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political revolution
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overthrow of one political system in order to est a new one
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Revolutions share number of traits
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1. rising expectations
2. unresponsive gov 3. radical leadership by intellectuals 4. est a new legitimacy |
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terrorism
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acta of violence or the threat o f violence used as a political strategy by an individual or group
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4 characteristics of terrorism
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1. terrorists try to make violence a legit parctical tactic; dont negotiate
2. terrorism used by gov against own ppl 3. democratic nations reject terrorism in principle, but vulnerable to terrorists 4. terrorism is a matter of definition |
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war
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organized, armed conflict among the ppl of two or more nations, directed by gov
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5 causes of war
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1. perceived threats
2. social problems 3. political objectives 4. moral objectives 5. the abscence of alternatives |
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military- industrial complex
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close association of the fed gov, military, and defense industries
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4 ways to reduce dangers of war
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1. deterrence
2. high tech defense 3. diplomacy and disarmament 4. resloving underlying conflict |
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mutual assured destruction
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nation launch 1st will experience greater retaliation
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strategic defense initiative
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tech vreate weapons so can protect from weapons
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root causes of war
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poverty, hunger, illiteracy
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