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90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
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social institutions
major spheres of social life or societal systems organized to meet human needs
economy
social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
goods
commodities ranging from necessities to luxury items
services
activities that benefit people
5 changes from industrialization
1. new sources of energy
2. centralization of work in factories
3. manufacturing and mass production
4. specialization
5. wahe labor
postindustrial economy
a productive system based on sercice work and computer tech
3 changes to postindustrial
1. from tanglible products to ideas
2. from mechanical skills to literacy skills
3. from factories to almost anywhere
rev driven by development of computers
primary sector
part of the econ that draws raw materials from the natural environment
low income countries
secondary sector
part of the econ that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
in almost all countries
tertiary sector
part of the econ that involves services rather than goods
in high income countries
global economy
economic activity tjat crosses national borders
5 major consequences of global economy
1. global s division of labor
2. products pass thru more than one nation
3. national gov no longer control econ activity witjin borders
4. small number of businesses operating internationally control vast share of worlds econ activity
5. raises concerns about rights and opportunities of workers (ex. outsourcing)
capitalism
an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned
3 distinctive feature of capitalism
1. private ownership of property
2. pursuit of personal profit
3. competition and consumer choice
laissez-faire economy
no gov interference; regulates self thru invisible hand/ supply and demand
US not completely capitalist bc
.gov owns and operates number of businesses and huge part in building the Internet
. gov regulates thru taxes to influence production
.gov supplements incomes
socialism
an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producting goods and services are collectively owned
3 features od socialism
1. collective ownership of property
2. pursuit of collective goals
3. gov control of the econ
dont compete; try to meet needs of all
welfare capitalism
an economic system thay combines a mostly market based econ woth extensive social welfare programs
gov owns some of largest industries and services (ex. transportation, media, health care)
nationalized
state-controlled
state capitalism
economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the gov
gross domestic product (GDP)
total value of all goods and services produced within a nations borders each year; measure of econ output
economic inequality
.capitalist have high std of living but more income inequality
.socialist have lower std of living but less income inequality
capitalism
freedom to pursue self-interest
socialism
feeedom to pursue basic want
socialist regimes become capitalist bc
1. capitalist are more productive than socialist
2.soviet socialism is heavy handed/rigid
today shift to socalism to reduce econ inequality
labor unions
orgs that aeek to improve wages and working conditions thru various strategies, including negotiations and strikes
weak econ boosts unions
profession
prestigious white collar occupation that requires exrensive formal edu
occupation considered profession if
1. theoretical knowledge
2. self-regulating practice
3. authority over clients
4. community orientation rather than self-interest
paraprofessionals
ppl/occupations that dont try to cliam professional status; have pro skills but not theoretical knowledge
self-employment
earning a living without being on payroll of large org; more likely nlue collar jobs
extended unemployment
unemployment lasts longer than before
underemployment
Work less hours, lower salaries, fewer benefits, and no pensions; forced to work part time
discouraged worker
given up entirely
4 reasons for jobless recovery
1. companies find ways to operate with smaller workforce
2. more companies open factories and office hubs abroad
3. US econ not hrowing gast enough to ansorb all the ppl looking for jobs
4. US workers too expensive and not highly skilled enough to do well in todays econ
Info rev change way of life
1. computers are deskilling labor
2. computers are making work more abstract
3. computers limit workplace interaction
4. computers increase employers control of workers
5. computers allow companies to relocate work
corporation
an org with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities separate from that of its members; can enter contracts and own property; protects owners from lawsuits
conglomerates
giant corporations composed of many smaller corporations;
form die to entry in new market, spin off of new companies, or merge with other companies
linked bc own each others stock
interlocking directorates
networks of ppl who serve as directors of many corporations
monopoly
domination of a market by a single producer; no competition
oligopoly
domination of a market by a few producers
modernization theorists
say the raise in living stds;
offer tax revenue, capital investment, new jons and advance tech to accelerate econ growth
dependency theorists
say multinationals make global inequality worse by blocking development of local industries and force produce exports (not food or products for local)
long term effect of changes in econ
1. economic future of nations plaued out in global arena
2. must address urgent issues. of global inequality and pop increase
politics
social institution that distributes pwr, sets society's goals, and makes decisions
power
ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
government
formal org th at direxts political life of a society
authority
power that ppl perceive as legit rather than coercive
traditional authority
power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns
declines as country industrialize
rational-legal authority/bureaucratic
power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations
flows from offices in gov
charismatic authority
power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience
depends on persons charisma and personality
routinization of charisma
transformation of charismatic authority into some combo of traditional and bureaucratic authority
only way charismatic movement can survive
monarchy
political system in which a single family rules from heneration to generation
legitimized by tradtion
absolute monarchs
claim all power based on divine right
constitutional monarchs
symbolic heads of states; governing responsibility is for elected officials
democracy
political system that gives power to the people as a whole
Democracy and industrialization go together
representative democracy
puts authority in hands of leaders who compete for office in elections
US not truly democratic bc
1. problem of the bureaucracy (not elected and dont answer to the ppl)
2. problem of economic inequality (rich have more political power
authoritarianism
political system that denies the people participation in gov;
ppl have no voice
totalitarianism
highly centralized polotical system that extensively regulates ppls lives; total concentration of pwr and allows no opposition
nongovernmental orgs
seek to advance global issues
ex. humans rights and environmental protection
political culture
individualism
welfare state
system of gov agencies and programs that procise benefits to the population
political spectrum
ranges from extremely liberal (left) to extremely conservative (right)
economic issues
focus on ecomonic inequality
social issues
moral questions about how ppl ought to live
liberals aka democrats
support gov in econ issues
support equal rights and opp
conservatives aka republicans
limit gov in econ
support gender roles and oppose gays and pro life
traditional
high income ppl
conservative econ, liberal social
low income ppl
liberal econ , conservative social
ppl who liberal
women and minorities
conservative= men
party identity is
weak
urban= democrats
rural= republicans
special interest groups
ppl organized to address son econ or social issue
PACs
formed by special interest groups to raise and spend money in support of political aims
channel moat of funds to candidates in hopes interests are taken into account
Super PACs
PACs that raise money without limits to engage in political activity for or against candidates
pluralist theory
analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups
veto groups
realize some goals but mostly keep opponents from achieving all of their goals
power-elite theory
analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated on the rich
Marxist polotival- economy theory
analysis that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society's econ system
econ system shapes political system
political revolution
overthrow of one political system in order to est a new one
Revolutions share number of traits
1. rising expectations
2. unresponsive gov
3. radical leadership by intellectuals
4. est a new legitimacy
terrorism
acta of violence or the threat o f violence used as a political strategy by an individual or group
4 characteristics of terrorism
1. terrorists try to make violence a legit parctical tactic; dont negotiate
2. terrorism used by gov against own ppl
3. democratic nations reject terrorism in principle, but vulnerable to terrorists
4. terrorism is a matter of definition
war
organized, armed conflict among the ppl of two or more nations, directed by gov
5 causes of war
1. perceived threats
2. social problems
3. political objectives
4. moral objectives
5. the abscence of alternatives
military- industrial complex
close association of the fed gov, military, and defense industries
4 ways to reduce dangers of war
1. deterrence
2. high tech defense
3. diplomacy and disarmament
4. resloving underlying conflict
mutual assured destruction
nation launch 1st will experience greater retaliation
strategic defense initiative
tech vreate weapons so can protect from weapons
root causes of war
poverty, hunger, illiteracy