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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is sociology?
The study of human society
What is the sociological imagination? Who came up with it?
The ability to connect one's own experiences to society as a whole. C. Wright Mills. Allows us to "make the familiar strange"
What is social identity?
How individuals define themselves in relation to groups they are a part of or choose not to be a part of.Ex: sports teams, religion, race, gender, family
social institution
group of social positions connected by social relations that perform a social role. also, any institution in a society that works to socialize the groups of people within it. Ex: schools, legal system
August Comte
Inventor of positivism. believed society is better understood by determining the logic or scientific laws governing human behavior. (called social physics or positivism)
Harriet Martineau
first person to translate Comte's works to English, one of the earliest feminist social scientists.
Karl Marx
theory of historical materialism that identifies class conflict as primary cause of social change - proletariat (workers) vs. bourgeois ( upper class, own means of production)
Max Weber
– emphasis on subjectivity became a foundation of interpretive sociology ; (symbols – meaning we attach to things.)
Verstehen
to interpret and understand the social world through experience. (To understand why people do what they do, sociologists must understand the meanings people attach to their actions) (concept created by Weber)
Emile Durkheim
founder of positivist sociology; developed theory that division of labor helps to determine how social cohesion is maintained or not maintained in that society.
Georg Simmel
formal sociology or a sociology of pure numbers - differences btw # of people in groups.
The Chicago School
believed Human’s behaviors + personalities shaped by their social and physical environments (AKA social ecology); did empirical research
Looking-Glass Self
Charles Cooley - envision how others perceive us, gauge responses of other individuals to our presentation of self – refine vision – leads to self-concept in constant interaction w/ surrounding social world
Cooley + Mead believed
Through social interaction, meaning emerges.
Anomie
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; emile durkheim
Jane Addams
Founded Hull House – institution attempted to link ideas of the university to the poor through a community center. Ideas of Chicago school put into practice here.
Functionalism
– various social institutions/processes exist to serve some function to keep society running, as if society were a living organism (“well-oiled parts of a societal machine”)
Every part of society plays a role.
Conflict theory. (Marxist theory)
conflict among competing interests is the basic, animating force of society and social changes
Feminist theory
defined sex, gender, focus on ending gender inequality
Symbolic interactionism
Micro-level theory, shared meanings, orientations and assumptions form motivation behind people’s actions.
postmodernism
a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress + history, the replacement of narrative within the pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting identities resulting from disjointed affiliations.
Social construct
something in a society that is constructed by participants which exists because people agree to behave as if it exists, or behave as if such an agreement or rules exist. (Such as race, gender, religion, sexual orientation)
Deconstruction
the process of showing how certain social phenomena are arbitrary and devised by social actors with varying degrees of power.
Midrange theory
a theory that attempts to predict how social institutions tend to function. not macro, not micro
Microsociology
local interaction (ex: why people stare at the numbers in an elevator), methods: ethnographic, (participant observation and in-depth interviews)
Macrosociology
social dynamics at a higher level – across the breadth of a society
interpretive sociology
focuses on meanings people attach to social phenomena, prioritizing specific situations over a search for social facts that transcend time and place.
positivist sociology
"normal science" model - attempts to reveal social facts by developing and testing hypotheses based on theories about how the social world works