Sociology A2 All The Key Words

Front 1

Define (social) Action theories

Back 1

Theorists who see people as having free will. They create society through their actions and interactions. Eg interactionists and some postmodernists

Hint 1

Opposite of structural theories

Front 2

Define Alienation

Back 2

An individual or group feel isolated because they can't realize their true potential. (Marxists see w/c as alienated)

Hint 2

Functionalism

Front 3

Define Anomie

Back 3

Normlessness, which arises when there is rapid social change (Durkhiem)

Merton argues that when there is no way of success via legitimate means there's a strain to anomie and will adopt an illegitimate means.

Hint 3

Durkhiem and Merton

Front 4

Define Asceticism

Back 4

Abstinence, self discipline and self denial taken on before Calvinism.

Hint 4

Religion

Front 5

Define the bourgeoisie

Back 5

The upper Capitalist class which exploits the proletariat. They have ideological, political and hegemonic power.

Hint 5

Marxist

Front 6

Define the Chivalry thesis

Back 6

The view that the CJS is biased in favour of women. Less likely to be charged, convicted and punished than men.

Results from male dominated police force.

Hint 6

Crime and deviance

Front 7

Define Churches

Back 7

Large organizations, formal hierarchy of professional priests who claim monopoly of the truth. Linked to the state and are conservative so attract higher classes (accidentally)

Hint 7

Religion

Front 8

Define Civil religion

Back 8

A belief system that attaches sacred qualities to society itself and makes the nation state the object of religious or quasi religious worship it promotes social solidarity via rituals and symbols such as a pledging allegiance to the flag

Hint 8

Religion

Front 9

Define collective conscience

Back 9

The shared norms values beliefs and knowledge that make cooperation between individual's possible. It integrates Society by giving individuals a sense of belonging to something greater than themselves.

Hint 9

Religion

Front 10

Define Compensators

Back 10

According to Stark and Bainbridge when reel rewards Oscars or unobtainable religion compensated by promising It's Supernatural ones. Only religion provides search compensators non religious ideologies such as humanism and communism do not provide credible compensators because they do not promise it's Supernatural rewards.

Hint 10

Religion

Front 11

Define Critical criminology

Back 11

Neo Marxist approach that combines ideas from traditional Marxism and labelling Theory to explain crime in capitalist Society. Etsy is working class crime as a conscious and often political act of resistance to the exploitation and oppression of they suffer under capitalism

Hint 11

Neo-Marxists

Front 12

Define cults

Back 12

Culturally snip and usually small religious or spiritual group of individuals with similar interests they lack a sharply defined belief system and are tolerant of other beliefs. They are often lead by practitioners or therapist you claim special knowledge many coats away defending claim to improve life those who take part and more like customers or clients the members of a church.

Hint 12

Religion

Front 13

Define cultural defence

Back 13

Where religion provides a focal point for the Defence of national ethnic or other group identity in a struggle against an external Force such as a hostile foreign power Catholicism in Poland is an example as it was a source of national identity the dose during the Communist period when they come she was under the influence of the Soviet union.

Hint 13

Religion

Front 14

Define cultural transition

Back 14

The process of moving from one culture to another. Bruce argues that religion plays an important role in cultural transition for minority ethnic groups who find themselves in a new culture it provides support and a sense of community in a different country and Culture for example Muslim refugees transitioning to Christianity in Germany.

Hint 14

Religion

Front 15

Define culture

Back 15

all Those things that are learnt and shared by a society or group and transmitted from Generation to generation through socialisation including shared norms, values, knowledge, beliefs, and skills.

Hint 15

Religion

Front 16

Define denominations

Back 16

Denominations are religious organisations that like Midway between churches and sects. Such as Methodism. Like churches they accept society's values but are not linked to the state. They impose restrictions on their members such as forbidding alcohol but are not as demanding a sect. Unlike those churches and sects but like cults they are tolerant of other religious organisations and beliefs and do not claim a monopoly of Truth.

Hint 16

Religion

Front 17

Define determinism

Back 17

The idea that humans have no free will and that their thoughts and behaviours are shaped are caused by factors outside of themselves such as the social structure Marxism is often accused of economic determinism.

Hint 17

Theory and Marxism

Front 18

Define deviance

Back 18

Behaviour that does not conform to the norms of a society or group. Deviance is a social construction and is defined by social groups. It is relative two different groups and cultures and contacts.

Hint 18

Crime and deviance

Front 19

Define primary deviance

Back 19

Primary deviance refers to act that have not been publicly label and usually have little significance for the individuals status.

Hint 19

Crime and deviance

Front 20

Define secondary deviance

Back 20

Secondary deviant results and social reaction (labelling) and may lead to the individual taking on a deviant master status and career.

Hint 20

Crime and deviance

Front 21

Define deviance amplification spiral

Back 21

Is the process whereby attempts to control deviance actually increases it turns out to Great attempts it control and greater levels of deviance for example moral panic.

Hint 21

Crime and deviance

Front 22

Define Disciplinary power

Back 22

According to Foucault, disciplinary power is based on surveillance and self discipline as a means of inducing conformity example of this is in prison inmates are visible to God but not vice versa so prisoners must always act as if they are being watched and their boys turn surveillance into self surveillance. Another example is elf on the shelf during Christmas period.

Hint 22

Crime and deviance

Front 23

Define Discourse

Back 23

Foucault sees a Discourse as a set of established ideas or knowledge about the world. This makes us see things in a particular way. It is neither true nor false, so there is no objective way to choose between competitive discourses.

Hint 23

Theory

Front 24

Define Disenchantment

Back 24

Disenchantment is the process where magical and religious ways of thinking are replaced by rational mode of thought full stop events no longer explained as the work of the supernatural but as the result of natural forces governed by scientific laws. In a disenchanted world there is no longer any need for religious explanations Weber sees the protestant reformation as the Beginning process of disenchantment.

Hint 24

Religion

Front 25

Define the dramaturgical model

Back 25

Developed by Goffman. It's the interactionist approach and uses analogies as a framework for analysing social interaction.

The model sees us as actively constructing the self through impression management to manipulate the perception of us.

Hint 25

Social action

Front 26

Define Environmental Prevention

Back 26

A crime reduction strategies associated with Wilson and Kelling article broken Windows. It's a serious crime as arising out of disorder and advocate cracking down of all forms of neighbourhood decline through a 2 full strategy of Environmental improvement and zero tolerance policing.

Hint 26

Crime and deviance

Front 27

Define Ethnomethodology

Back 27

An interpretivist approach developed by laughing call it reject the idea of an external social structure and see Society as a social construct. Although meanings are always potentially unclear societies' members use common sense knowledge to achieve a sense of order this is called indexicality and reflexivity.

Hint 27

Social action

Front 28

Define existential security theory.

Back 28

Existential security is the feeling that survival is secure enough that it can be taken for granted. Theories based on the view that religion arises where people like you can I make security. It explains why religion has declined most in affluent societies where there is welfare provision and why religion remained popular in poorer Society.

Hint 28

Religion

Front 29

Define exploitation

Back 29

Paying workers less than the value of the Labour. It is the process whereby the bourgeoisie extract surplus value or profit from the labour of the proletariat. Feminist see men as exploiting the domestic labour of women.

Hint 29

Marxists and feminists

Front 30

Define falsification

Back 30

According to Popper falsification is the defining characteristic of scientific knowledge which consists the statements that can been falsified by experiment or observation full stop

Hint 30

Methods and theory

Front 31

Define feminism

Back 31

A sociological perspective and political movement that Focuses on women's oppression and the struggle to end it.

Hint 31

Feminism

Front 32

Define Fordism

Back 32

A type of industrial production based on a detailed division of labour using closely supervised low skill workers skilled workers and assembly line technology to mass produce standardised goods.

Hint 32

Marxists

Front 33

Define function

Back 33

The contribution that a part of society makes to the stability or wellbeing of society as a whole. Merton distinguishes between manifest and latent functions manifest functions of the intended consequences of an institution or practice latent functions are unintended all hidden consequences.

Hint 33

Functionalism

Front 34

Define Functional alternatives

Back 34

Institutions that perform the same function as another institution some secular beliefs may perform the same function as religious ones in maintaining social solidarity.

Hint 34

Functionalism

Front 35

Define Functionalism

Back 35

A census perspective that sees society as based on shared values, where members are socialised. Sees society like an organ.

Hint 35

Functionalism

Front 36

Define Fundamentalism

Back 36

Religion based on an unquestioning belief in the literal truth of a sacred text. They believe that there is only one true way to view the world which is revealed in a sacred text not going through scientific enquiry or a rational argument an example of this is a niche group of Muslim to take the Quran and it's writings by word.

Hint 36

Religion

Front 37

Define globalization

Back 37

The idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected and that barriers a disappearing or is it as a result of instantaneous communication systems deregulation of trade the creation of global markets and global Media. Has created new risks uncertainties and choices and an increased rate of social change.

Hint 37

Ideology

Front 38

Define green crimes

Back 38

Drink of the crimes against the environment and the human and non-human animals within it.

Hint 38

Crime and deviance

Front 39

Define primary green crime.

Back 39

Primary green crime involves the destruction and degradation of the Earth's resources species Decline and animal abuse.

Hint 39

Crime and deviance

Front 40

Define secondary green crime.

Back 40

Secondary green crime involves The Breaking of laws aimed at preventing a regulating environmental disasters such as the illegal dumping of hazardous waste.

Hint 40

Crime and deviance

Front 41

Define hegemony

Back 41

The ruling class holds ideological power and moral leadership of society. It prevents revolution by winning the consent consent of the subordinate clauses to its rule.

It controls Institutions such as education, Religion, and the media.

Hint 41

Marxists

Front 42

Define identity

Back 42

The individual's sense of self influenced by socialisation and insta interactions with others a sense of belonging to a community. Postmodernist see identity other choice it individuals make from among different identity sources such as gender, ethnic group, religion, sexuality, leisure interests, and nationality etc.

Hint 42

Functionalism

Front 43

Define ideology

Back 43

Originally a Marxist idea meaning a set of beliefs that serve the interests of a dominant groups by justifying a privileged position the term usually employed the beliefs of falsely only partially true.

Hint 43

Marxists

Front 44

Define individualism

Back 44

The idea that individual is more important than a group or community in modern and postmodern Society individualism becomes more important than in traditional Society and actions are influenced more by the calculations of self interest by then by a sense of obligation to others. Secularisation theorists argue that individualism leads to the decline of religion but others argue that it has changed religion into a search for personal fulfillment.

Hint 44

Post modernism , modernism and religion

Front 45

Define interactionism

Back 45

Is a perspective focusing on micro interactions between individual's and groups. They seek to understand the meanings that social actors give two actions and situations. They Support qualitative research methods.

Hint 45

Social action

Front 46

Define interpretivism

Back 46

Interpretivism covers a range of approaches including; social action symbolic interactionism phenomenology and ethnomethodology. They favour qualitative research methods and see humans beings as fundamentally different from the natural phenomena studied by scientists we have free will and consciousness and choice and they focus on how we construct our social world food and meanings we create and attach to events actions and situations.

Hint 46

Interpretivism

Front 47

Define knowledge claim

Back 47

Is a claim made by a belief system to know about the world what it is like and sometimes how it would be and how it all to act. For example science political ideologies and religion make knowledge claims however science does not make what claim that Miele claims to describe and explain the world.

Hint 47

Religion, research methods, science

Front 48

Define labelling

Back 48

Labelling is the process of attaching a definition or meaning to an individual group after the label is a stereotype that see you all members of a group of sharing the same attributes. Labelling Theory uses Concepts such as definition of the situation that looking glass self and Carry courier to explain how individuals actions and identities a shape to the labels that are applied to them.

Hint 48

Interactionism

Front 49

Define Left realism

Back 49

Regards crime as a real problem particularly for disadvantaged groups who are more likely to be if the victim left Realist a reformist socialists you see relative deprivation and the marginalization of the port of producing criminal subcultures whose members victimize other group for people. To tackle the problem of crime we argue for structural reforms to reduce inequality and for democratically accountable policing.

Hint 49

Crime and deviance

Front 50

Define legitimation

Back 50

Justifying something by making it seem fair and natural. This is the main function of ideology. Marxists argue that institutions in capitalist society such as education, the media and religion are ideological state apparatuses whose function is to legitimate inequality.

Hint 50

Marxism

Front 51

Define Macro level

Back 51

See's society on a larger scale. such as the relationships between social institutions and the economy. They see the individual shaped by society.

Hint 51

Functionalism and Marxism

Front 52

Define Marxism

Back 52

A conflict theory based on Karl Marx, Sees society as divided into two opposed classes where the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat.

Hint 52

Marxism

Front 53

Define Micro Level

Back 53

They focus on small scale, face to face, interactions. Such as between pupils and teachers.

Hint 53

Interactionism

Front 54

Define Modernism

Back 54

Modernist theories believe that society is clean cut and has a predictable structure.

It is possible to gain true and certain scientific knowlede of how society functions.

Hint 54

Functionalism, marxism and positivism.

Front 55

Define modernity and modern socitey.

Back 55

Is seen as a begiing with the industrial revolution. Its characterised by rapid social change, scientific and technological development.

secularisation, the decline of tradition and the beaurucratic nation stae.
Beck and Giddens argue that in late or high or late modernity, many trends become acelerated.

Hint 55

Theory, modernism, post modernism.

Front 56

Define Moral Panic

Back 56

This is where the media emphasises an issue to the point that the public has a genuine fear of the situation such as immigration, the youth and crim

Hint 56

Crime and Deviance

Front 57

Define Neutralisation techniques

Back 57

This is a technique used by delinquents to justify their deviant behaviour.

Cohen argues that states also use these techniques to justify the crimes they commit.

This includes the denial of victim, injury and responsibility.

Hint 57

Crime and deviance

Front 58

Define New age Spirituality

Back 58

A diverse range of beliefs and practices that have grown from the 1980's which rejects external authority and traditional sources of religion such as churches, priests and sacred texts.

The spirituality refers to personal and subjective aspects of religion and the supernatural. The new age holds the view that we can discover the truth for ourselves through experience by following a personal spiritual path and exploring one's inner self.

Hint 58

Religion

Front 59

Define New right.

Back 59

A conservative political perspective that supports self reliance and individual choice rather than dependence on the steate. They believe in applying free market principles and agrue that generous welfare benefits encourages the growth of criminal underclasses.

Hint 59

Education, crime and deviance, Theory

Front 60

Define New Religious movements (NRMs)

Back 60

They have grown since the 1960's. There are 3 main types of NRM's - Wallis

World-rejecting

World-Accepting and

World-Accomodating

They have grown because of the marginality of some groups and inviduals, relative deprivation and rapid social change.

Hint 60

Religion

Front 61

Define News Values

Back 61

This is the criteria by which journalists and editors decide whether a story is newsworthy.

They need to include immediacy, dramatisation, personalisation, risk and violence.

The Crime that often comes into this criteria is often over reported. This use of news values illistrates the idea that the news is a social construct.

Hint 61

Crime and deviance - Cohen

Front 62

Define norms

Back 62

social rules, expectations or standards that govern behaviour expected in situations. They may be formal such as laws or informal such as politness.

Hint 62

Theory

Front 63

Define objectivity

Back 63

The absensce of bias or preconcieved ideas. WE can look at things for what they realy are and get the truth without our opinions or values getting in the way.

Positivsts believe sociology we can achieve objectivity by using methods that detach sociologists away from their research subjects.

Hint 63

Theory and methods

Front 64

Define Open belief systems

Back 64

Open belief systems make knowledge claims that are open to criticism and can be falsified.

Popper sees science as being an open belief system.

Hint 64

Religion

Front 65

Define Closed belief systems

Back 65

Closed belief systems make knowledge claims that can not be disaproved.

Popper sees Marxism and Religion as closed belief systems.

Hint 65

Religion

Front 66

Define Paradigm

Back 66

Kuhn:

A paradigm is shared by members of a scientific community. It defines what a nomral science is by providing a scientific framework of basic assumptions within which to work.

Eventually, the accumulation of anomalies will produce a crisis and a scientific revolution which will establish a new paradigm.

Hint 66

Theory and Methods

Front 67

Define Patirachy.

Back 67

Litteral means - Rule by the father.

Feminists use the term to describe a society based on male domination; a system or ideology of male power over women

Hint 67

Feminism

Front 68

Define Phenomenology

Back 68

An interpretivist appoach developed by Schutz

We make sense of the world using typifications (categories). Meanings can be unstable and unclrear but the typifications can stabilise this. allowing us to communicate and cooperate i nsociety. The world then appears natural.

However it is simply a construction.

Hint 68

Social action

Front 69

Define Pluralism

Back 69

A pluralistic society is one with many different cultures, religions and political parties. Berger sees religious pluralism undermining religion's plausability structure of credibility. Becaus ethe multiple competing versions of the truth beign put forward by different religions makes some people scepticle of all of them.

Front 70

Define Polarisation

Back 70

A process that relsults in the creation of two opposite extremes. For marxists it will be the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.

Hint 70

Marxism

Front 71

Define Positivism

Back 71

The belief that society is made up of social facts that can be studied scientifically to discover the laws of cause and effect.

Durkhiem took official statistics on suicide as social facts and tried to produce a law explaining why suicide rates vary between groups. With such knowledge, positivs believe we can find solutions to social problems.

Hint 71

Theory and methods

Front 72

Define Post fordism

Back 72

A type of industrial production. A highly skilled adaptable workforcce, combined with computerised technology means that production takes the form of the "flecible specialisation"able to respond swiftly to changing consumer demands and to produce for a variety of small, customised "niche" markects.

Hint 72

Marxism

Front 73

Define Postmodernism

Back 73

Rejects modernism belief in progress and its view that we can have certain, true knowledge of society that will enable us to improve is.

Post modernist society is so unstable and diverse that it is impossible to produce any absolute explanations.

No theory is truer than any other and all theories such as marxism is a metanarrative.

Hint 73

theory, Modernism and post modernism

Front 74

Define Postmodernity

Back 74

Post modernists argue that society has moved into a new era of postmodernity.

Globalised, Media-Saturated society. Signs are hyper-real simulacra with no reference to any external realityy.

Culture is Fragmented, unstable and ever changing. Individuals create and change their identities through consumption of signs and brands.

Marxists see post modernitiy as the latest stage of capitalism.

Hint 74

Theory, Marxism, Modernsm, Post modernism

Front 75

Define Privatisation

Back 75

The separation of an aspect of social life from the rest of society. or the loss of its public role.

Some sociologists argue that Religion has become privatised.

Previously, religion played a role in education, culture and law. Now it is now a matter of private personal preferanve.

Hint 75

Education, Religion, Theory

Front 76

Define Proletariat

Back 76

The woking class in capitalist soceity. They are wage slaves and own no means of production. They are forced to sell their labour power to the bourgeosie in order to survive.

Hint 76

Marxism.

Front 77

Define punishment

Back 77

Criminologists argue that punishment performs 4 main functions:

Rehabilitation

Retribution

Deterrence and

incapacitation.

Hint 77

CRIME and deviance

Front 78

Define Rationalisation

Back 78

The process by which rational and scientific ways of thinking and acting gradually replace magico-religious ones.

Weber argued that the protestant reformation started this process of rationalisation and played a key role in the emergence of modern capitalism.

Hint 78

Religion

Front 79

Define Rational Choice theory

Back 79

Rational choice theory is an economic principle that states that individuals always make prudent and logical decisions. These decisions provide people with the greatest benefit or satisfaction — given the choices available — and are also in their highest self-interest.

Hint 79

Crime and deviance

Front 80

Define Realism

Back 80

The view that science deals with unobservable underlying structures such as class.

However Positivists argue that they only deal with observable phenomena.

The realists destinquish between sciences dealing with closed systems and those dealing with open systems.

Hint 80

Theory

Front 81

Define reflexivity

Back 81

Giddens described the situation in late/high modern society where tradition and custo no longer guide our actions.

we are forced to constantly monitor, reflect on and modify our actions in the light of information about the possible risks and oppourtunities they might involve.

Hint 81

Social Action

Front 82

Define Relativism

Back 82

The view that knowledge claims are not absolutly true of false but merely true for those who belive them.

Critics argue that relativism is self defeating and if no knowledge claim is absolutly true then why should we believe relativism's claims

Hint 82

Theory

Front 83

Define Reliability

Back 83

Can it produce the same results (repeatability) when using identical methods.

Quantitative methods are more reliable than Qualitative methods because they have a standardised procedure.

Hint 83

Methods

Front 84

Define Religious market theory

Back 84

Also called rational choice theory-

Compared religious organisations with businesses competing for customers.

Less popular religions decline, others grow depending on what they offer.

The overall demand for religion remains constant because people are naturally religious.

Secularisation is only in one stage in a perpetual cycle of religious decline and renewal.

Hint 84

Religion

Front 85

Define representitative

Back 85

A typical, Cross section of the group of people they want to research. The findings can therefore be generalised.

Hint 85

Methods

Front 86

Define reserve army of labour

Back 86

A marxist concept describing groups of people who can be brought into the work force when labour is short.

Such as women in WW! and WW!!

Hint 86

MARXISM and FEMINSM

Front 87

Define Right realism

Back 87

They see crime as a real problem. Politically they are conservatives who favour a tougher approach to crime.

They reject as impractical strategies that seek to tackle underlying causes of crime (poverty)

They see crime being caused by rational thought and biology...

The focus on situational and enviromental crime prevention strategies as means of deterance.

Hint 87

Crime and deviance

Front 88

Define Risk society

Back 88

According to Beck, in late modern society, the risks are inreasingly human made rather than crime such as - Famine, drought and plague.

These risks are increasingly global risk society

Hint 88

Modernity - Theory

Front 89

Define Role

Back 89

Hoe someone who occupies a particular status is expected to act.

Hint 89

Funcitonalism and social action

Front 90

Define sects

Back 90

Sexts are small exclusive religous groups that epect strong commitment from their members. They are often hostile to wider society and draw their members from the poor and oppressed. (the dark brotherhood)

Many are led by a charasmatic leader and claim a monopoly of truth.

Hint 90

Religion

Front 91

Define Secularisation

Back 91

The decline of religion. Religious beliefs, practices and institutions lose their importance and influence.

Hint 91

Religion

Front 92

Define Self report studies

Back 92

Ask individuals to disclose information. Sometimes the crimes a person may have committed. They are often used as a corrective to official police statistics. However there are numerous trivial offences.

Hint 92

Crime and deviance

Methods

Front 93

Define Seperatism

Back 93

A radical feminist idea that women should organise themselves to live independently of men as the only way to free themselves from the patriarchy

Hint 93

Feminism

Front 94

Define Situational Crime prevention

Back 94

A strategy for reducing oppourtunities for crime. Such as burglary so as to increase the effort and risks and reduce rewards of commiting the crime

such as Target hardening measures.

Hint 94

Crime and deviance

Front 95

Define social class

Back 95

social groupings or hirarchy based on differences in wealth, income or occupation.

Marx identified two classes, the bourgeoisie and proleteriat. However many sociologists use occupation to distinguish between manual W/C and non manual W/C

Hint 95

Marxism and theory

Front 96

Define Social control

Back 96

The means by which society tries to ensure that its members behave as thers expect them to. Control can be formal or informal (law or peer pressure)

And can lead to negative sanctions (punishments) to encourage the conformity

Hint 96

Functionalism

Crime and deviance

Front 97

Define Social construction,

Back 97

Something is created by social processes rather than occuring naturaly.

Interprativists argue that official crime statistics are a social construct through the interactions between police and suspects. When something is socially constructed it can vary historicaally and between cultures.

Hint 97

Theory and Crime and devience

Front 98

Define Social integration

Back 98

A socially integrated society or community is one where indiciduals are bound togehter by shared beliefs and practices. EG Shared religious rituals may remind individuals that they are part of a community to which they owe their loyalty.

Hint 98

Religion

Functionalism

Front 99

Define Spiritual shopping

Back 99

This is seen by some as a new pattern of religious participation found in late or post modern society. Where there is spiritual market in which individual consumers can pick and mix from different religious and spiritual beliefs, practices and institutions

Hint 99

Religion

Front 100

Define State Aparatus

Back 100

From a Marxist perspective, Althuser distinguishes between repressive and ideological state aparatuses.

RSA's are the 'armed bodies of men' such as police and army

ISA's are institutions such as media, religion and education.

They persuade the working class to accept capitalist rule as legitimate.

Hint 100

Marxism

Front 101

Define State crimes

Back 101

They are crimes commited by, on behalf of or with the complicity of goverments and the state agencies such as police, armed forces or secret services.

They include Genocide, war crimes, torture, imprisonment without trial and assassination of political opponents.

They are of concern because of the imense power of the state to do harm. And because the state can define its own harmful actions as legal because it makes the laws.

Hint 101

Crime and deviance

Front 102

Define status

Back 102

A position in society. Ascribed status occurs when are social position is determined by fixed characteristics that we are born with and cannot normally change. Achieved status occurs when an individual's position is the result of the effort and ability.

Hint 102

Theory, Functionalism

Front 103

Define Stigma

Back 103

A negative label or Mark of Disapproval discredit or James attached to a person group or characteristic. This statement is used to justify the exclusion of the individuals from normal social interaction such as

ex-offenders may be stigmatised and excluded from jobs.

Hint 103

Crime and deviance, labelling,

Front 104

Define strain theory

Back 104

String theory was developed by Merton. And states that Society put pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals because they lack the means there is strain which may lead to the individuals to commit crimes.

Hint 104

Crime and deviance

Front 105

Define stratification

Back 105

The division of society into a hierarchy of unequal groups of wealth power and all status. Stratification systems may be based on differences in social class, ethnic group ,age, gender and religion members of different groups usually have different life chances.

Front 106

Define structural differentiation

Back 106

Is a process of specialisation where separate institutions developed to carry out functions that were previously performed by a single institution. For example Parsons believes that religion in pre industrial Society performed educational legal and political functions in industrial Society they have become specialised in providing meanings and values.

Hint 106

Functionalism

Front 107

Define Structural theories

Back 107

Deterministic theories that see individuals as entirely shaped by the way society is structured or organised. Functionalism series Society as socialising individuals into shared norms and values that dictate how they will behave. Marxism and most types of feminism also regrow are regarded as structural theories.

Hint 107

Functionalism, Marxism , feminism

Front 108

Define subculture

Back 108

A group of people within Society share norms values beliefs and attitudes that are in some ways different from the mainstream culture. Deviant subcultures are often seen as forming a reaction to a failure to achieve mainstream goals through the magician it opportunity structure. In response they substitute new deviant goals or adopt illegitimate means of achieving a legitimate goals.

Hint 108

Functionalism, education

Front 109

Define subjectivity

Back 109

Bias or lack of objectivity. The individual's own viewpoint or values influences their perception or judgment.

Interpretivists believe sociology is inevitably subjective. Since it involves understanding other humans by seeing the world through their eyes.

Hint 109

Social action

Front 110

Define surveillance

Back 110

Involves the monitoring of public behaviour to gather data for purposes such as crime control. The data gathered is generally used to regulate managed correct peoples behaviour. For example it may involve profiling people in order to sort them in terms of race the risk they pose. Surveillance may involve the use of technology such as CCTV full, facial recognition, and searchable databases.

Hint 110

Crime and deviance

Front 111

Define typifications

Back 111

South of creating standard typical and social construction based on standard assumptions.

Hint 111

Social action

Front 112

Define validity

Back 112

The capacity of a research method to measure what it sets out to measure; a true or genuine picture of what something is really like. A valid method is this one that gives a truthful picture. Methods that produce qualitative data are usually seen as high in validity.

Hint 112

Research methods and theory

Front 113

Define Value Consensus

Back 113

Agreement among societies members about what values are important is shared culture.

Hint 113

Functionalism

Front 114

Define value freedom

Back 114

The idea that values can and should be kept out of research. Modern positivists favour by your freedom but others argue that this is neither possible nor desirable, since values are necessary both to select a topic for research and to interpret findings. Radical sociologists projector value freedom in favour of a committed sociology in which the sociologist explicitly takes the side of the underdog.

Hint 114

Debates and methods

Front 115

Define values

Back 115

ideas or beliefs about general principles or goals. State health societies members what is good or important in life and what to aim for, and the underlying more details norms of conduct.

Hint 115

Functionalism

Front 116

Define verificationism

Back 116

A process of establishing the truth of something

Hint 116

Theory debates

Front 117

Define victimology

Back 117

The study of victims. Positive victimology aimed to explain patterns in victimisation. It Focuses on interpersonal violence crime especially on how big can contribute to their own victimisation. Critical victimology theories victimisation as a form of powerlessness. It Focuses on the role of the structural factors social policy that plays have a list groups at greater risk of victimisation and on the States role in denying the label of victim to them.

Hint 117

Crime and deviance

Front 118

Define victim surveys

Back 118

Asks an individual to say what crimes they have been victims of. Used to correct official statistics. However they might still be inaccurate. Some crimes don't fit into the category and some people can't discuss crimes (children and elderly)

Hint 118

Crime and deviance , methods

Front 119

Define voluntarism

Back 119

The idea that humans have free will and can exercise choice in how they act, rather than their behaviour being determined or shaped by external forces such as social structure. It is the opposite of determinism.

Hint 119

Crime and deviance

Methods

Theory

Front 120

Define zeminology

Back 120

Literally means the study of harms. In criminology it is concerned with my son has come to be defined as crimes whilst others aren't. Even when they cause more damage than other crimes for example much environmental pollution is perfectly legal. Often committed by groups such as big businesses and of the state, you have the power to define their actions is illegal. Green criminology takes is zemiological approach and is an example of transgressive criminology.

Hint 120

Crime and deviance

Front 121

Define zero tolerance policing

Back 121

This is where predetermined consequences or punishment for specific offenses, regardless of behaviour, circumstances or context

Hint 121

Crime and deviance.

Front 122

Outline and Evaluate The Study done by Dobash and Dobash.

What theory and method did they use?

Back 122

Dobash^2 Did a long term interview study with victims of domestic abuse in a shelter.

They were Radical feminists and the study took over 9 months.

Which would have been expensive but enabled a deeper understanding.

Front 123

Define Age patriarchy

Back 123

The idea that there are inequalities between children and adults. The adults dominate the children in istitutions such as education, family and crime and devience

Hint 123

Family

education

Front 124

Define Ageism

Back 124

The negative stereotyping of people on the bias of their age.

Old - Vulnerable, incompetent and a burden.

Hint 124

Family

Front 125

Define Banding

Back 125

A form of streaming, into groups. Band A, Band B etc

Hint 125

Education

Family

Front 126

Define Birth rate

Back 126

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year

Hint 126

Family

Front 127

Define Case study

Back 127

Research that examins a single case of example such as a single school, family or work place. They often use several methods or sources

Hint 127

Methods

Front 128

Define Childhood

Back 128

A socialy define age status. There are major differences in how childhood is defined, both historically and culturally.

Western societies see children as vulnerable and segregates them from the adult world.

Hint 128

Family

Front 129

Define Class

Back 129

A system of ordering society whereby people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status

Hint 129

Theory

Education and Family

Front 130

Define Civil partnerships

Back 130

In 2004 The civil partnership act was given to same sex couples.

They had similar legal rights to married couples in respect of pensions, inheritance, tenancies and property

Hint 130

Family

Front 131

Define Close ended questions

Back 131

Questions used in social surveys that allow only a limited choice of answers from a preset list. It can then produce quantitative data and can then be analysed.

Hint 131

Methods

Front 132

Define the Comparative method

Back 132

A research method that compares two social groups that are alike, apart from one factor.

Durkhiem compared two groups that were identicle apart from their religion to find the affect of religion on suicide rates. The method is often an alternative to experiments

Hint 132

Methods

Front 133

Define Compensatory education

Back 133

Government education policies such as "operation headstart" to tackle under achievement by providing extra support and funding to schools and families in deprived areas.

Hint 133

Education

Front 134

define Comprehensive education system

Back 134

A non selecive education system where all children attend the same type of secondary school. It was introduced iin England and Wales from 1965.

Hint 134

Education

Front 135

Define Conjugal roles

Back 135

The roles played by husband and wife. segregated conjugal roles are where the Husband is the breadwinner, and thee wife is homeaker. Leisure time is spend apart.

Joint conjugal roles, the husband and wife perform both roles ad spend leisure time together

Hint 135

Family

Front 136

Define Content analysis

Back 136

A method of analysing the content of documents and media outputs to fine out how often and in what ways different types of people or events appear.

The glasgow media group (1976) Used content analysis to receal bia in how television news reported strikes

Hint 136

methods

Front 137

Define Control groups

Back 137

In experiments they may compare a control group that are identical in all respects apart from the independent variable. This means that they can be compared

Hint 137

Methods

Front 138

Define Correlation

Back 138

When two or more variables vary together. Such as "low social class and low educational acievement" However the existence of a correlation doesn't mean that one causes another. it may just be coincidence

Hint 138

Methods

Front 139

Define 'correspondence' principle`

Back 139

Bowles and Gintis' concept describing the way that the organisation and control of school mirrors the workplace in a capitalist society.

Teachers exert control over children.

Managers exert control over workers

Hint 139

Education, Marxism

Front 140

Define Covert participant observation

Back 140

A person is involved in an observation but the group don't know that there is an observation going on.

Hint 140

Methods

Front 141

Define Cultural Capital

Back 141

The knowledge, attitudes, values, languagte, tastes and abilities that the middle class transmit to their children.

Bourdieu argues that educational success is largely based on possession of cultural capital, thus giving middle class children an advantage.

Hint 141

Education

Family

Front 142

Define Cultural deprevation

Back 142

The theory that many working class and black children are inadequatley socialised nd therefore lack the 'right' culture needed for educational success. Such as the value of deffered gratification

Hint 142

Education

Front 143

Define Culture

Back 143

All those things that are learnt and shared by a society or group of people and transmitted from generation to generation through socialisation. It includes shared norms, values, knowledge, beliefs and skills.

Hint 143

Education

Family

Front 144

Define Curriculum

Back 144

Those things taught or learnt in educational institutions. The overt or official curriculum includes the subjects, courses. An example of this is the National Curriculum.

Hint 144

Education

Front 145

Define the Hidden Curriculum

Back 145

It involves the things that are learnt without being formally taught and are often acquired simply through the everyday workings of the school. Such as obedience, conformity and competitiveness.

Hint 145

Education

Front 146

Define Death Rate

Back 146

The amount of deaths, per Thousand or the population per year

Hint 146

Family

Demography

Front 147

Define Deferred gratification

Back 147

Postponing immediate rewards or pleasures, generally with the aim of producing a greater reward at a later date. Staying in to revise rather than going out with friends, which will bring success in exams, IT is seen as a characteristic of middle class culture.

Hint 147

Education

Front 148

Define Demography

Back 148

The stury of the population, including birth, death, fertility and infant mortality rates, immigration and emigration, and age structure, as well as the reasons for changes in these

Hint 148

Family

Front 149

Define dependancy culture

Back 149

The idea that people will assume that the state will support them, rather than relying on their own efforts and taking responsibillity for their families. The new right see the welfare state as over generous, encouraging people to remain unemployed and dependent on benefits, and as responsible for the growing number of lone parent familes and rising crime rate.

Hint 149

Family

Front 150

Define dependency ratio

Back 150

The relationship between the size of the working population and the non working or dependent population

Hint 150

Family

Front 151

Define deviance

Back 151

Behaviour that does not conform to the norms or a society or group. Deviance is a social construction and is relative. What counts as deviant varies between groups and cultures and time

Hint 151

Crime and devience

Front 152

Define differentiation

Back 152

Distinguishing or creating differences between indivudials or groups. In education, streaming is a form of differentiation that distinguishes between pupils on the basis of ability. In the process of distinguishing between people on the basis of class, gender, ethinicity, age etc.

Hint 152

Education

Front 153

Define discrimination

Back 153

Treating people differently, whether negativly or positivly. Usually because they are members of a particular social group. It can occue on grounds of gender, ethincity, age, disability, sexuality, religion etc .

Hint 153

Education

family

Front 154

Define Documents

Back 154

There are two types of documents. Public documents that are created by organizations, the government etc.

There are also personal documents created by individuals such as diaries. Both are secondary sources and are qualitative data.

Hint 154

Methods

Front 155

Define Domestic labour

Back 155

Work performed in the home, such as childcare, cooking and cleaning. Functionalists see is as part of the expressive role, performed by women while Feminists see is as a source of women's oppression.

Hint 155

Family

Front 156

Define Dual Burden

Back 156

When a person is responsible for two jobs. Usually applied to wommen who are in paid work but also resposible for domestic labour.

Hint 156

Family

Front 157

Define Educational triage

Back 157

The process whereby schools sort pupils into 'hopeless cases', 'those who will pass anyway' and 'those with the potential to pass'.

They concentrate on the last group in order to up the school's league tables. This may be influenced by sterotypes of pupils.

Hint 157

Education

Front 158

Define Emotion work

Back 158

The work involved in meeting the emotionl needs of other people. such as looking after a sick child.

Some argue that women have a triple burden of housework, paid work and emotionwork

Hint 158

Family

Front 159

Define Empathy

Back 159

An understanding of how another person thinks, feels, or acts. Achieved by putting oneself in their place. Interactionists advocate the use of qualitative methods such as participant observation as a way of achieving empathy and obtaining data high in validity

Hint 159

Methods

Front 160

Define, empty shell marriage.

Back 160

A marriage in name only. The couple lives under the same roof but as seperate individuals. It can occur when diforce is difficult for legal, religious or financial reasons or for the sake of the children.

Hint 160

Family

Front 161

Define Ethics

Back 161

Issues of right and wrong; moral principles or guidlines. There are ethical objections to research that decieves or harms its participants or fails to obtain their informed consent.

Hint 161

Methods

Front 162

Define Ethnic group

Back 162

People who share the same heritage, culture and identity, often including the same language and religion. They see themselves as a distinct group. For example Bengladeshi community in Britain.

Hint 162

Family,

Demographics

Front 163

Define Ethnocentric

Back 163

Seeing or judging things in a biased way from the viewpoint of one particular culture. The national curriculum has been described as an ethnocentric literature, languages, history, religion etc. Disregards or does not value black and Asian cultures.

Hint 163

Education

Front 164

Define Exchange theory

Back 164

The idea that people create, maintain or break off relationships dependig on the costs and benefits of doing so; a person may provide a relative with acommodation (cost) in return for childcare (benefit)

Hint 164

Family

Front 165

Define Experiments

Back 165

A labatory experiment is a test carried out in controlled conditions in an artificial setting to establish cause and effect relationships between variables.

Feild is the same but in a natural setting

Hint 165

Methods

Front 166

Define experimental group

Back 166

The group of people with the changed Independent variable, they are measured.

Hint 166

Methods

Front 167

Define Exploitation

Back 167

paying workers less than the value of their labour. According to marxists, it is the process whereby the bourgeoisie extract surplus value or profit from the labour or the proletariat. Feminists see men as exploiting the domestic labour of women.

Hint 167

Theory

Front 168

Define the expressive role

Back 168

The caring, nurturing, 'home maker' role in the family. Functionalists argue that women are biologically suited to performing this role, but Feminists reject this.

Hint 168

Family

Front 169

Define extended family

Back 169

Any group of kin (related by blood, marriage and adoption) extended beyond the nuclear family. The family may be extended vertically or horizontally.

Hint 169

Family

Front 170

Define Family diversity

Back 170

The idea that there is a range of different family types, rather than a single dominant one (such as nuclear family) It is associated with the postmodernist idea that in today's society, increasing choise about relationships is creating greater family diversity

Hint 170

Family

Front 171

Define Family practices

Back 171

The routine actions through which we create our sense of being a family member, such as doing the shopping or DIY, Morgan preferes this term to "family structure' because it conveys the idea that families are not 'things' but what their members actually do/

Hint 171

Family

Front 172

Define Fertility rate

Back 172

The total fertility rate is the average number of children women will have during their fertile years. For statistical purposes this is aged 15-44

Hint 172

Family

Front 173

Define Feminism

Back 173

A sociological perspective and political movement that focuses on women's oppression and the struggle to end it. Feminists argue that sociology has traditionally take a 'malestream' viewpoint that ignores women. But now they examine women's experience from a female perspective. There are different strands (good luck at remembering them all)

Hint 173

Theory

Front 174

Define Function

Back 174

The contribution that a part of society makes to the stability of wellbeing of society as a whole. For example Durkhiem, one function of religion is to give individuals a sense of belonging to something greater than themselves and so integrate them into society

Hint 174

Theory

Front 175

Define Functional fit

Back 175

Parsons' theory that with industrialisation, the structure of the family becomes more nuclear to fit the needs of industrial society for a geographically and socially mobile labour force.

Hint 175

Family

Front 176

Define Functionalism

Back 176

A consensus perspective in sociology that sees society as based on shared values into which members are socialised.

It sees society as an organism, each part performing functions to maintain a system as a whole.

Hint 176

Theory

Front 177

Define Gender

Back 177

The social and cultural characteristics of men and women.

Unlike sex differences which are biological and inborn, gender differences in behaviour are cultural in origin and learned through gender role socialisation. Definitions of masculinity and feminiity are socially constructed and vary between cultures and social groups.

Hint 177

Family

Theory

need to know this

Front 178

Define Geographic mobility

Back 178

Being able to move from one place to another, such as from estate to estate, or even different countries.

poorer areas can't move as often and may have to move if the area they live in becomes too gentrified

Hint 178

Family

Front 179

Define the Hawthorn effect

Back 179

Where the subjects of a research study know they are being studied and begin to behave differently as a result. Thereby undermining the study's validity. The term comes from Elton Mayo's studies at the Hawthorn electrical plant

Hint 179

Methods

Front 180

Define Hierachy

Back 180

An organisation or social structure based on a pyramid of senior and junior positions and top down control.

Hint 180

Family

Education

Theory

Front 181

Define Household

Back 181

A group of people who live together and share things, such as meals, bills, facilities or chores, or one person living alone :(

Hint 181

Family

Front 182

Define Hypothesis

Back 182

An untested theory or explanation, expressed as a statement, Sociologists seek to prove or disprove hypothesis by testing them against evidence

Hint 182

Methods

Front 183

Defne Identity

Back 183

The individuals sense of self, influenced by socialisation and interactions with others; a sense of belonging to a community. Postmodernists see identity as a choice that individuals make from a group among difference sources of identity, such as gender, ethnic group, religion, sexuality, leisure interests nationality etc.

Hint 183

Theory

Front 184

Define Ideology

Back 184

Origionally a marxist idea, meaning a set of beliefs, that serve the interests of a dominant social grup by that the beliefs that serve the interests of a dominant social group by justifying their privilaged position. The term usually implies that the beliefs are false or only partially true.

Bowles and Gintis see meritocracy as a myth.

Hint 184

Theory

Front 185

Define immediate gratification

Back 185

A preference for immediate pleasure or reward, without regard for the longer term consequences, such as going out with friends instead of doing homework.

Cultural Deprevation theorists argue that W/C children are socialised into the value of immediate gratification and that this explains their educational failiure.

Hint 185

Education

Front 186

Define Industrialisation:

Back 186

The shift from agricultral economy to one based on factory production. In britain, industrialisation occured from the late 18th centuary to the mid 19th centuary. It also often occurs with Urbanisation

Hint 186

Theory

Front 187

Define Infant mortality rate

Back 187

The number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand live births per year

Hint 187

Demography

Front 188

Define Informed consent

Back 188

Where those taking part in a study have agreed to do so and understand the purpose of the study, the uses to which its findings may be put ,and its possible effects.

Hint 188

Methods

Front 189

Define Instrumental role

Back 189

The breadwinner, or provider role in the family. Functionalists see it as the man's role

Hint 189

Family

Front 190

Define interview schedule

Back 190

The list of questions to be asked in an interview. It is useful because it allows some standardisation of the interviewing processes, since all interviewers will use the same schedule of questions.

Hint 190

Methods

Front 191

Define interviews

Back 191

A method of gathering information by asking questions orally, either face to face or by telephone.

Hint 191

Methods

Front 192

Define Structured interviews

Back 192

SE pre-set, standardised, close ended questions, producing quantitative data.

Positivists like this

Hint 192

Methods

Front 193

Define unstructured interviews

Back 193

informal and indepth interviews are like a guided conversation and use open ended questions producing qualitative data.

Hint 193

Methods

Front 194

Define Semi structured interviews

Back 194

Uses both open and closed questions

Hint 194

methods

Front 195

Deine Life chances

Back 195

The chances that different social groups have of obtaining those things society regards as desireable (educational achievemet) or of suffering those things regarded as undesireable (low income)

Statistics on education, health, imcome etc show how oppourtunities vary by class, gender, and ethnic group

Hint 195

Education

Family

Theory

Front 196

define Life course analysis

Back 196

An approach focussing on the meanings family members give to life events and coices, such as deciding to leave home, get divorced etc. It uses unstructured interviews to uncover these meanings and understand people's choices about relationships and how these may lead to family diversity

Hint 196

Family

Front 197

Define life expectancy

Back 197

How long the average people who are born in a given year can expect to live.

Hint 197

Demography

Front 198

Define Living apart together

Back 198

Couples who are in a significant relationship but aren't married or cohabiting. Some sociolgists suggest that LATs may reflect a trent to less formalised relationships.

Hint 198

Family

Front 199

Define longitudinal study

Back 199

A study of a sample of people (panel) in which information is collected at regular intervals over an ectended period of time. Such as the national child development study that has been going on since 1958

Hint 199

Methods

Front 200

Define Marketisation

Back 200

The policy of introducing market forces of supply and demand into areas run by the state, such as education and the NHS, the 1988 Education reform act began the marketisation of education by encuraging competition between schools and choice for parents

Hint 200

education

Front 201

Define material deprivation

Back 201

Poverty. A lack of basic necesstites such as adequate diet, housing, clothing or the money to buy these things.

In Education, material deprivation theory explains W/C under achievement as the result of a lack of such resources. Such as being unabole to afford educational aids, over crowding of housing etc.

Hint 201

Education

Front 202

Define Meritocracy

Back 202

An educational or social system where everyone has an equal oppourtunity to succeed and hwhere individuals' rewards and statur are acieved by their own efforts rather than ascribed by their gender, class or ethnic group.

Hint 202

Education

Front 203

Define mobility

Back 203

the ability to move and change position. There is geographical mobility where people move from one place to another. And Social mobility where they can change position or status in a hierachy system. Functionalists argue that the Geo and Social mobility of the nuclear family enable to meet the needs of industrial sociey

Hint 203

Family and Education

Front 204

Define modernism

Back 204

(Functionalism, marxism, positivism) Who believe that society has a fairly clean cut, predictable structure and that it is possible to gain true and certain scientific knowledge of how society functions. This knowledge can be used to achieve progress to a better society.

Hint 204

Theory

Front 205

Define Multicultural

Back 205

A society or institution that recognises and gives value to different cultures and or ethnic groups.
A multicultural education will educate about cultures of other groups, not just the diminant or majority culture.

Hint 205

Theory

Education

Front 206

Define myth of meritocracy

Back 206

Functionalists argue that the education system is meritocratic . But Bowles and Gintis claim that meritocracy is an ideology, that legitimises inequality by falsly laiming that everyone has an equal oppourtunity and that unequal rewards are the 'natural' result of unequal ability

Hint 206

Education

Front 207

Define Natural change

Back 207

The difference between the number of births and number of deaths in a population, resulting in either a natural increase or a natural decrease

Hint 207

Demography

Family

Front 208

Define net migration

Back 208

The difference between the number of immigrants and emmigrants.

Hint 208

Demography

Family

Front 209

Define new vocationalism

Back 209

The idea that education should be promarily about meeting the needs of the economy, especially by equipping young people with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to prepare them for work. Since the 1970's it has given the rise to educational initiatives such as Btecs and GCSE's

Hint 209

Education

Front 210

Define non participant observation

Back 210

primary research method where the observer records events without taking part in them.S uch as how gender roles take part in children's play without taking part.

Hint 210

Methods

Front 211

Define the nuclear family

Back 211

A two generation family of a man and a woman and their dependent children own or adopted.

Hint 211

Family

Front 212

Define Official statistics

Back 212

Quantitative data collected by the government. They can be gathered either by registration (births, deaths etc) or by official surveys (10 yearly census)

Hint 212

Methods

Front 213

Define open ended questions

Back 213

Questions in a social survey that allow respondents to answer as they wish, in their own words.

They are harder to quantify and harder to analyse because they can't be precoded.

Hint 213

Methods

Front 214

Define opperationalisation

Back 214

The process of turning a sociological concept or theory into something measureable. Such as "poverty" is sometimes opperationalised into "children on free school meals" as there are numerous factors that make a person eligable for FSM but povery can be subjective

Hint 214

Methods

Front 215

Define Parentocracy

Back 215

'Rule by parents' The concept is associated with marketised education systems, which are based on an ideology of parental choice of school. Middle class parents may benefit from the parentocracy because they have more economic and cultural capital and are better placed to excercise choice.

Hint 215

Education

Family

Front 216

Define Pilot study

Back 216

A small scale trial run, usually of a social survey, conducted before the main study. Its basic aim is t iron out any problems, clarify questions and their wording, give interviewers practive etc, so that any necessary changes can be made before the main study is carried out.

Hint 216

Methods

Front 217

Define population

Back 217

In a social survey, the population is all the members of the group that the researcher is interested in.

Hint 217

Family

Demography

Front 218

Define Primary data

Back 218

Information collected first hand by sociologists themselves for their own research purposes. Methods such as participant observation, social surveys and experiments are sources of primary data.

Hint 218

Methods

Front 219

Define Primary socialisation

Back 219

The family is the first place that you are socialised into, before school which is secondary socialisation.

It is supposed to teach you the norms and values of society

Hint 219

Functionalism

Family

Education

Front 220

Define Privatised Family

Back 220

A nuclear family whose lifestyle and leisure patterns centre on the home rather than the extended family, work mates or wider community. In young and willmott's study, many families who moved out of Bethnal green to the surburbs became privatised

Hint 220

Family

Front 221

Define Pure relationship

Back 221

One which exists solely to meet each partners needs. Couples stay together for love, happiness or sexual attraction, rarther than because of tradition or duty or for the sake of the children. According to Giddens It is increasingly regarded as the only acceptable basis for a relationship.

Hint 221

Family

Front 222

Define Qualitative data

Back 222

Information, usually expressed in words, about people's thoughts, feelings, motivations, attitudes, values etc. It is obtained from Qualitative methods and sources such as participant observation, unstructured interviews, diaries, and letters. It aims to give an insight into what it is like to be 'in another person's shoes'

Hint 222

Methods

Front 223

Define Quantitative data

Back 223

Information in numerical form. Percentages, tables, graphs etc. Official statistics and the results of social surveys are tow important sources of quantitative data.

Hint 223

Methods

Front 224

Define Questionnaires

Back 224

Lists of questions, written or self completion questionnaires are widely used in large scale social surverys where they may be sent out and returned by post. Questionnaires tend to be used mainly closed ended questions with pre coded answers for ease of analysis.

Hint 224

Methods

Front 225

Define Racism

Back 225

A system of beliefs that defines people as superior or inferior, and justifies their unequal treatment, on the basis of biological differences such as skin colour. Individual racism refers to the prejudiced views and discriminatory behaviour of individuals. Institutional racism exists when the routine ways an orgainsation operates, have racist outcomes regarless of the intentions of the individuals within it.

Hint 225

Family

Education

Religion

Crime and deviance

Front 226

Define Reconstituted family

Back 226

A step family, in which one or both of partners has children from a previous relationship.

Hint 226

Family

Front 227

Define reproduction

Back 227

The re-creation or continuation of something into future generations. marxists argue that school reproduces class inequality with each generation.

Hint 227

Education

Family

Front 228

Define Response rate

Back 228

The proportion of those people included in a social survey who actually reply or respond to the questions asked. A high response rate is important to help ensure that findings are representative.

Hint 228

methods

Front 229

Define sample

Back 229

A smaller group selected from the larger survey population to take part in a study. It may be too costly or time consuming to study the whole population in which we are interested, so we choose a sample to study instead.

Hint 229

Methods

Front 230

Define Sampling

Back 230

The process of selecting a sample. The aim of sampling is usually to select a sample that is representative of the wider survey population, so as to allow the study's findings to be generalised. There are several types of sampling, eg random stratified, quota etc

Hint 230

Methods

Front 231

Define Sampling frame

Back 231

The list of people from which a sample for a social survey is selected. A school role could be a sampling frame for a survey of pupils. It should list all the members of a survey population that the sociologist is interested in studying, though this is not always possible'

Hint 231

Methods

Front 232

Define Sanctions

Back 232

a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule

Hint 232

Crime and deviance

Functionalism

Front 233

Define Secondary date

Back 233

Information collected by other people or organisations for non sociological purposes. Sociologists make extensive use of this because it is often free or cheap, readily availible. It does include official statistics, the media and personal documents.

Hint 233

Methods

Front 234

Define secondary socialisation

Back 234

The socialisation we get from our peers, school and other institutions that are not our home.

Hint 234

Family

Functionalism

Front 235

Define secularisation

Back 235

The decline of religion, the precess whereby religious beliefs, prctices and institutions lose their importance or influence. fewer couples now marry in a church and many people disregard religious teachings on issues such as divorce and homosexuality.

Hint 235

Religion

Family

Education

Front 236

Define selection

Back 236

In education, the processes of choosing and allocating children to a particular school, class, stream etc. Such as the tripart system which included the 11+

Hint 236

Education

Front 237

Define self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 237

Where a prediction is made about a person, or group, comes true simply because it has been made. For example, if a child is predicted that they will do well they may believe that and go on to do well, but it also works vice-versa.

Their self image is influenced by the labelling.

Hint 237

Education

Front 238

define speratism

Back 238

A radical feminist movement where women should live independently of men as the only way to free themselves of the patriarchle opression of the heterosexual family.

Hint 238

Family

Feminism

Front 239

Define Sexism

Back 239

Prejudice and discrimination on the grounds of sex.

Hint 239

Theory

Familly

Education

Feminism

Front 240

Define Sexuality

Back 240

Sexual orientation, a persons sexual perference.

Hint 240

Theory

Family

Front 241

Define social policy

Back 241

The actions, plans and programmes of government bodies and agencies that aim to deal with a problem or achieve a goal, eg, raising levels of educational attainment.

Hint 241

Theory

Education

Crime and deviance

Family

Front 242

Define Social survey

Back 242

Any research method that involves systematically collecting information from a group of people by asking them questions. Usually this involvs quessionnaires or structured interviews.

Hint 242

Methods

Front 243

Define socialisation

Back 243

The process by which an individual learns or internalises the culture of society. Primary socialisation happens within the family, secondary socialisation takes place within educational institutions.

Hint 243

Functionalism

Education

Family

Front 244

Define Speech codes

Back 244

the way a person talks, Beirnstien argues that the W/C have a restricted speech code, whilst M/C have an elaborated speech code.

Hint 244

Education

Front 245

Define Stabilisation of Adult personalities

Back 245

According to Parsons One of the two social functions of the nuclear family, along with primary socialisation. It is a place where adults can relax and release tensions, enabling them to return to the workplace ready to meet its demands. This is functional for the efficiency of the economy.

Hint 245

Family

Front 246

Define stereotype

Back 246

A simplified, one sided and often negative image of a group or indicidual which assumes that all members of that group share the same characteristics. Such as the idea that all black boys are 'unruley'

Hint 246

Education

Front 247

Define Stigma

Back 247

A negative lable or mark of disaproval, discredit or shame attached to a person, group or characteristic. The stigma is used to justify the exclusion of the individual from normal social interaction; in the past divorce was stigmatised.

Hint 247

Education

Family

Front 248

Define stratified diffusion

Back 248

The spread of beliefs and practices from one social class to another, young and willmott claim that the symmetrical family developed first among the middle class and then spread down the class structure, eventually to become the norm for the working class as well.

Hint 248

Family

Education

Theory

Front 249

Define streaming

Back 249

Where children are seperated into different ability groups or classes. And then each ability group is taught seperately from the others for all subjects, the opposite of mixed ability teaching

Hint 249

Education

Front 250

Define symmetrical family

Back 250

Young and willmot stage three privatised nuclear family with more equal and joint conjugal roles, in which husbands participate in domestic labour as awell as being breadwinners, and wives go out to work as well as being home makers. The couple spend their leisure time together and are more home centered

Hint 250

Family

Front 251

Define Triangulation

Back 251

The use of two or more different methods or sources of data so that they complement each other, the strengths of one countering the weaknesses of the other and vice versa, such as a Quantitative and qualitative method

Hint 251

Methods

Front 252

Define tripartite system

Back 252

System of secondary education created by the 1944 education act, based on three types of school. The 11+ exam was used to identify pupils aptitudes and abilities. Those who were did well (middle class) whent to grammar schools; most working class children went to secondary modern schools. Although replaced in most areas after 1965, it still continues in some areas.

Hint 252

Education

Front 253

Define Tripple shift

Back 253

Women are in paid work, house work and emotion work.

Hint 253

Family

Front 254

Define underclass

Back 254

Those at the lowest level of the class structure, a class below the working class with a seperate deviant subculture and lifestyle, including a high rate of lone parent families, male unemployment and criminality

Hint 254

Crime and deviance

Family

Education

Front 255

Define Unit of consumpton

Back 255

The modern family no longer workds together, but still consumes together, as a single unit or group. They spend money on food, housing and leisure activities.

Hint 255

Family

Marxism

Front 256

Define Unit of production

Back 256

Where family members work together as economic producers, said to be more common in preindustrial society.

Hint 256

Family

Front 257

Define Urbanisation

Back 257

The process of change from a rural society where the majority of the population lives in the countryside to an urban society where most people live in towns and cities.

Hint 257

Family

Front 258

Define Variables

Back 258

Any factor that can change or vary; such as age, gender occupation or income. Sociologists seek to discover correlations between variables; eg, between social class and education achievement. Laboratory experiments are occasionally used to control variables and measure their effect.

Hint 258

methods

Front 259

Define Vocational

Back 259

Connected to a career, vocational education and training transmits knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to pursure particular careers.

Hint 259

Family

Education

Front 260

Define Welfare state

Back 260

Where the government or state takes responsibility for peoples well being, especially their basic minimum needs. In Britain, todays welfare state was created in the late 1940's. such as a minumum wage, NHs, state education and council housing.

Hint 260

Family

Education

Crime and deviance