Sociology

Front 1

1750

Back 1

Starting around ____, world population began to spike.

Front 2

6.5 billion

Back 2

how many people does the world now hold?

Front 3

demography

Back 3

the study of human population

Front 4

fertility

Back 4

the incidence of childbearing in a country's population

Front 5

fecundity

Back 5

maximum possible childbearing, is sharply reduced by cultural norms, finances, and personal choice

Front 6

crude birth rate

Back 6

the number of live births in a given year for every 1000 people in a population

Front 7

bc it is based on the entire population not just women in childbearing years

Back 7

Why is the country's birth rate described as crude?

Front 8

crude death rate

Back 8

the number of deaths in a given year for every 1000 people in a population

Front 9

mortality

Back 9

the incidence of death in a country's population

Front 10

infant mortality rate

Back 10

the number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age for each 1000 live births in a given year

Front 11

life expectancy

Back 11

the average life span of a country's population

Front 12

migration

Back 12

the movement of people into and out of a specified territory

Front 13

immigration

Back 13

movement into a territory

Front 14

in migration

Back 14

calculated as the number of people entering an area for every 1000 people in the population

Front 15

emigration

Back 15

movement out of a territory

Front 16

out migration rate

Back 16

the number leaving for every 1000 people

Front 17

sex ratio

Back 17

the number of males for every 100 females in a nations population

Front 18

natural growth rate

Back 18

demographers subtract the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

Front 19

age sex pyramid

Back 19

a graphic representation of the age and sex of a population

Front 20

Thomas Robert Malthus

Back 20

an English economist and clergyman, warned that rapid population increase would lead to social chaos

Front 21

Malthus

Back 21

calculated that population would increase in what mathematicians call a geometric progression

Front 22

arithmetic progression

Back 22

food production would also increase, Malthus explained but only in an ___________

Front 23

demographic transition theory

Back 23

a thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development

Front 24

Stage 1

Back 24

Preindustrial, agrarian societies have a high birth rates because of the economic value of children and the absence of birth control

Front 25

Stage 2

Back 25

the onset of industrialization, brings a demographic transition as death rates fall due to greater food supplies and scientific medicine

Front 26

Stage 3

Back 26

a mature industrial economy, the birth rate drops, curbing population growth once again

Front 27

Stage 4

Back 27

corresponds to a postindustrial economy in which the demographic transition is complete

Front 28

zero population growth

Back 28

the level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level

Front 29

urbanization

Back 29

the concentration of population into cities

Front 30

Jericho

Back 30

What was the first city we know of?

Front 31

New Amsterdam, later renamed New York

Back 31

what was the first lasting settlement?

Front 32

1/5

Back 32

What percentage of people in the US in the 1860s lived in cities?

Front 33

metropolis

Back 33

a large city that socially anc economically dominates an urban area

Front 34

suburbs

Back 34

urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city

Front 35

boulevardier

Back 35

the french word for a sophisticated person literally means "street person"

Front 36

gemeinschaft

Back 36

"community" a type of social organization in which people are closely tied in kinship and tradition

Front 37

metropolitan statistical areas

Back 37

these areas include at least 1 city with 50,000 or more people

Front 38

micropolitan statistical areas

Back 38

urban areas with at least 1 city of 10,000 to 50,000 people

Front 39

core based statistical areas

Back 39

include both metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas

Front 40

megalopolis

Back 40

vast urban region containing a number of cities and thier surrounding suburbs

Front 41

Ferdinand Tonnies

Back 41

studied how life in the new industrial metropolis differed from life in rural villages

Front 42

gesellschaft

Back 42

"association" a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self interest

Front 43

Emile Durkheim

Back 43

countered that urbanites do not lack social bonds; they simply organize life differently than rural people

Front 44

mechanical solidarity

Back 44

social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values

Front 45

organic solidarity

Back 45

social bonds based on specialization and interdependence

Front 46

Georg Simmel

Back 46

offered a microanaylsis of cities, studying how urban life shapes individual experience

Front 47

blase attitude

Back 47

Urbanites develop ____________, tuning out much of what goes on around them

Front 48

Robert Park

Back 48

a leader of the first US sociology program at the Universty of Chicago, sought to add a street level perspective by getting out and studying real cities

Front 49

urban ecology

Back 49

the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities

Front 50

concentric zones

Back 50

city centers, business districts bordered by a ring of factories, followed by residential rings with housing that becomes more expensive the farther it is from the noise and pollution of the city's center

Front 51

wedge shaped sectors

Back 51

one fashionable area may develop next to another or an industrial district may extend outward from a city's center along a train or trolley line

Front 52

multicentered model

Back 52

as cities grow, residential areas, industrial parks, and shopping districts typically push away from one another

Front 53

social area analysis

Back 53

investigates what people in particular neighborhoods have in common

Front 54

urban political model

Back 54

applies Karl Marxx's analysis of conflict in the workplace to conflict in the city

Front 55

ecology

Back 55

the study of interaction of living organisms and the natural environment

Front 56

natural environment

Back 56

earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life

Front 57

ecosystem

Back 57

a system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment

Front 58

environmental deficit

Back 58

profound long term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short term affluence

Front 59

8,000 B.C.E.

Back 59

the world's first urban revolution took place in.... with the first urban settlements

Front 60

1750

Back 60

the second urban revolution took place after ..... in Europe and North America with the Industrial Revolution

Front 61

poor countries

Back 61

a third revolution is now occuring in .......

Front 62

less developed nations

Back 62

Today, most of the world's largest cities are found in.....

Front 63

sociological

Back 63

first it reminds us that environmental concerns are....., reflecting societies priorities about how people should live

Front 64

unintended

Back 64

second, it suggests that much environmental damage to the air, land, or water is.....

Front 65

reverisble

Back 65

third, in some respects, the environmental deficit is....

Front 66

logic of growth

Back 66

thesis supports economic development, claiming that people can solve environmental problems as they arise

Front 67

limits to growth

Back 67

thesis states that societies must curb development to prevent eventual environmental collapse

Front 68

global warming

Back 68

a rise in the Earth's average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Front 69

rain forests

Back 69

regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe close the equator

Front 70

environmental racism

Back 70

patterns that make environmental hazards greatest for poor people, especially minorites

Front 71

ecologically sustainable culture

Back 71

a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations

Front 72

modernity

Back 72

changes brought by the Industrial Revolution

Front 73

postmodernity

Back 73

the recent transformations caused by the Information Revolution and the postindustrial economy

Front 74

social change

Back 74

the transformation of culture and social institutions over time

Front 75

-social change happens all the time
-social change is sometimes intentional but often unplanned
-social change is controversial
-some changes matter more than others

Back 75

Social change has 4 major characteristics

Front 76

William Ogburn

Back 76

Who came up with the theory of the cultural lag?

Front 77

cultural lag

Back 77

theory that says: asserts material culture (things) changes faster than nomaterial culture (ideas and attitudes)

Front 78

-invention
-discovery
-diffusion

Back 78

3 important sources of cultural change

Front 79

invention

Back 79

1st, produces new objects, ideas, and social patterns

Front 80

discovery

Back 80

2nd, occurs when people take notice of existing elements of the world

Front 81

diffusion

Back 81

3rd, creates change as products, people, and information from one society to another

Front 82

Ralph Linton

Back 82

He recognized that many familiar aspects of our culture came from other lands, diffusion

Front 83

Inequality and conflict

Back 83

These 2 things can occur within a society also producing change

Front 84

Karl Marx

Back 84

He saw class conflict as the engine that drives societies from one historical era to another.

Front 85

Max Weber

Back 85

He also contributed to our understanding of social change, acknowledged that conflict could bring about change

Front 86

Max Weber

Back 86

He highlighted the importance of ideas by revealing how the relgious beliefs of early Protestants wet the stage for the spread of industrial capitalism

Front 87

Snowbelt; Sunbelt; Latin America and Asia

Back 87

Similar changes are taking place today as people moving from the __________ to the _________ mix with new immigrants from __________________ and _____________.

Front 88

Great Plains

Back 88

Where in the US have demographis changes been greatest and which areas have been the least affected?

Front 89

alternative social movements

Back 89

are the least threatening to the status quo because the seek limited change in only part of the population

Front 90

Redemptive social movements

Back 90

also target specific individuals, but they seek more radical change

Front 91

reformative social movements

Back 91

aim for only limited change but target everyone

Front 92

revolutionary social movements

Back 92

are the most extreme of all, working for major transformation of an entire society

Front 93

claims making

Back 93

the process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue

Front 94

deprivation theory

Back 94

theory that holds that social movement arise among people who feel deprived of something

Front 95

relative deprivation

Back 95

a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison

Front 96

Mass society theory

Back 96

a second explanation, argues that social movements attract socially isolated people who join a movement in order to gain a sense of identity and purpose

Front 97

resource mobilization theory

Back 97

a third theoretical scheme, links success of any social movement to available resources, including money, human labor, and the mass media

Front 98

culture theory

Back 98

points out soical movements depend not only on money and other material resources but also on cultural symbols

Front 99

new social movement

Back 99

points out the distinctive character of recent social movements in postindustrial societies

Front 100

political economy theory

Back 100

Marxist approach that claims that social movements arise in capitalist socities because the capitalist economic system fails to meet the needs of the majority of people

Front 101

emergence

Back 101

The _______ of social movements occurs as people think that all is not well.

Front 102

coalescence

Back 102

takes place when a social movement defines itself and develops a strategy for attracting new members and "going public"

Front 103

bureaucratization

Back 103

As it gains members and resources, a social movemen may undergo ________________.

Front 104

decline

Back 104

social movements _____________ as resources dry up, the group faces overwhelming opposition or members achieve thier goals and lose interest

Front 105

disaster

Back 105

an event that is generally unexpected and that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property

Front 106

natural disasters

Back 106

floods, earthquakes, forest fires, and hurricanes are examples of...

Front 107

technological disaster

Back 107

widely regarded as an accident but is more accurately the result of our inability to control technology, nuclear accident

Front 108

intentional disaster

Back 108

one or more organized groups deliberately harm others. war, terrorist attacks, genocide

Front 109

Kai Erikson

Back 109

He investigated disasters of all types

Front 110

-we all know that disasters harm people and destroy property, but what people dont realize is that disasters also cause serious damage to human community
-explains that the soical damage is more serious when an event involves some toxic substances, as is common with technological disasters
-social damage is most serious when the disaster is caused by the actions of other people

Back 110

Kai Erikson found out 3 things that happen with disasters:

Front 111

modernity

Back 111

social patterns resulting from industrialization

Front 112

Peter Berger

Back 112

He identified 4 major characteristics of modernization.

Front 113

-decline of small, traditional communities
-the expanison of personal choice
-increasing social diversity
-orientation toward the future and growing awareness of time

Back 113

Peter Berger identified 4 major characteristics of moderization:

Front 114

modernization

Back 114

the process of social change begun by industrialization

Front 115

Ferdinand Tonnies

Back 115

produced a lasting account of modernization in his theory of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Front 116

Tonnies

Back 116

viewed modernization as the progessive loss of Gemeinschaft or human community

Front 117

Durkheim

Back 117

shared Tonnies's interest in the important social changes resulted from the Industrial Revoution, moderization was marked by an increasing division of labor

Front 118

division of labor

Back 118

specialized economic activity

Front 119

mechanical solidarity

Back 119

shared moral sentiments

Front 120

organic solidarity

Back 120

mutual dependency between people engaged in specialized work

Front 121

anomie

Back 121

condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals

Front 122

Max Weber

Back 122

For ___________, modernity meant replacing a traditional worldview with a rational way of thinking.

Front 123

capitalist revolution

Back 123

For Karl Marx, modern society was synonymous with capitalism; he saw the Industrial Revolution primarily as a _____________.

Front 124

mass society

Back 124

society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties

Front 125

class society

Back 125

a capitalist society with pronounced social stratification

Front 126

David Riseman

Back 126

thought that modernization bring changes in social character.

Front 127

Riseman

Back 127

thought that preindustrial socieites promote traditonal directness

Front 128

social character

Back 128

personality patterns common to members of a particular society

Front 129

tradition directednes

Back 129

rigid conformity to time honored ways of living

Front 130

other directedness

Back 130

openess to the latest trends and fashions, often expressed by imitating others

Front 131

Herbert Marcuse

Back 131

He challenged Max Weber's claim that modern society is rational.

Front 132

postmodernity

Back 132

social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies

Front 133

-in importants respects, modernity has failed
-the bright light of "progress" is fading
-science no longer holds the answers
-cultural debates are intensifying
-social institutions are changing

Back 133

Postmodern thinking share 5 themes: