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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social institution
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a major sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, organized to meet human needs
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economy
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social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution and consumption of goods and services
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africultural technology
specialized work permanent settlements trade |
4 factors made the economy a distinct social institution
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new sources of energy
centraliztion of work in factories manufacturing and mass production specialization wage labor |
Industrialization brought 5 changes to the economy
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postindustrial economy
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a productive system based on service work and high technology
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tangible products to ideas
from mechanical skills to literacy skills from factories to almost anywhere |
3 major changes in technology
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primary sector
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the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment
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primary sector
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agriculture, ranching, fishing, forestry, mining
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secondary sector
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the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
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tertiary sector
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part of the economy that involves services rather than goods
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middle income countries and high income countries
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The tertiary sector grows with industrialization and dominates which economies?
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global economy
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economic activity that crosses national borders
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-different regions of the world come to specialize in 1 sector of economic activity
-more and more products pass through more than 1 nation -national government no longer control the economic activity -small number of businesses, operating internationally, now control a vast share of the world's economic activity -globalization of the economy affects the lives of workers in the US |
5 major consequences of a global economy
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capitalism
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an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned
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private ownership of property
pursuit of personal profit competition and consumer choice |
ideal capitalist economy has 3 distinctive features:
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because the government plays a large role in the economy
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How is the US not completely capitalist?
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socialism
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an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned
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collective ownership of property
pursuit of collective goals government control of the economy |
Socialist economy rejects each of the 3 characteristics of capitalism just described in favor of 3 opposite features
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centrally controlled or command economy
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Socialism rejects capitalism's laissez faire approach in favor of:
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laissez faire
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a purely capitalist economy is a free market system with no government interference
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China, more than 2 dozen other nations in Asia, africa, and latin america
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What countries model themselves after the socialist economy?
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most of the nations in western europe, especailly Sweden and Italy
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Have market based economies but also offer broad social welfare system:
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welfare capitalism
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an economic and political system that combines a mostly market based economy with extensive welfare systems
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12%
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What % of economic production is nationalized in Sweden and Italy?
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state capitalism
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an economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the government
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along the Pacific Rim, Japan, South Korea, Singapore
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Which countries does State captialism rule?
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gross domestic product
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the total value of all goods and services produced annually
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freedom
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Capitalism emphasizes the ____________ pursue self interest and depends on the freedom of producers.
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freedom from
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Socialism emphasizes ____________ basic want.
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40%
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% of US workers that are farmers
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corporate agribusinesses
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The family farms of yesterday has been replaced by...
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labor unions
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the changing US economy has seen a decline in ________
organizations that seek to improve wages and working conditions |
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profession
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a prestigious white collar occupation that requires extensive formal education
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theoretical knowledge
self regulating practice authority over clients community orientation rather than self interest |
Occupations are professional to the exten that they demonstrate the following 4 characteristics
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self employment
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earning a living without being on the payroll of large organization
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80%
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what percentage of the labor force was in 1800?
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economic elites; policital elites
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Socialism did away with ______________ as Karl Marx predicted, but as Max Weber foresaw, socialism increased the power of _____________.
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more than twice
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unemployment among African Americans is ________________ the rate among white people.
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corporation
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an organiztion with legal existence, including rights and liabilities, seperate from that of its members
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conglomerates
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giant corporations composed of many smaller corporations
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monopoly
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the domination of a market by a single producers
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oligopoly
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the domination of a market by a few producers
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politics
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the social institution that distributes power, sets a society's goals and makes decisions
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power
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the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
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Max Weber
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who defined power?
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government
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a formal organization that directs the political life of a society
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authority
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power that people perveive as legitimate rather than coercive
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traditional authority
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power legitimized by respect for long established cultural patterns
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rational legal authority
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power legitimized by rationally enacted law
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charismatic authority
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power legitimized by the extraordinary personal qualities of the leader
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Jesus, Hitler, Gandhi, MLK Jr.
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Who are some charismatic leaders?
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routinization of charisma
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the transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority
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monarchy
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political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation
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tradition
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In Weber's analysis, monarchy is legitmized by _________.
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absolute monarchs
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world claimed a monopoly of power based on divine right
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agrarian societies
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Monarchy is commonly found in _______
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constitutional monarchies
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meaning that their monarchs are little more than symbolic heads of state, all European societies with royal families are...
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democracy
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a political system that gives power to the people as a whole
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representative democracy
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puts authority in the the hands of leaders who from time to time compete for office in elections
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-problem of bureaucracy
-involves economic inequality |
what are 2 problems with democracy?
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authoritarianism
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political system that denies the people participation in government
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totalitarianism
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highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people's lives
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nongovernmental organization
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seek to advance global issues such as human rights and environmental protection
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welfare state
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a system of governement agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population
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political spectrum
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ranges from the extremely liberal on the left to the extremely conservative on the right
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1/3
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say that they are conservative
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1/4
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say that they are liberal
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40%
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claim to be moderates in the political middle
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economic issues
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focus on economic inequality
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social issues
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moral ?s about how people ought to live
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special interest group
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people organized to address some economic or social issue
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political action committees
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formed by special interest groups to raise and spend money in support of political aims
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5 million
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how many people have lost their right to vote?
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pluralist model
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an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest group
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pluralist
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These people see power as spread widely throughout society, with all people having at least some voice in the political system
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power elite model
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analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich
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C. Wright Mills
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the term power elite was coined by who?
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economy, government, and the military
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3 sectors of US society
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No, because our economic and political systems give few people so much power that the average person's voice cant be heard
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Does the power elite model believe the the US is a democracy?
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Marxist political economy model
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claims that our political agenda is determined by a capitalist economy so true democracy is impossible
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political revolution
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overthrow of one political system in order to establish another
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-rising expectations
-unresponsive government -radical leadership by intellectuals -establishing a new legitimacy |
4 things revolutions have in common
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terrorism
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acts of violence or the threat of violence used as a political strategy by an individual or a group
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war
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organized armed conflict among the people of 2 or more nations, directed by their government
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perceived threats
social problems political objectives moral objectives the absence of alternatives |
5 factors that promote war
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symbolic institutions
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family and religion, which are closely linked as society's ___________
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family
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social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children
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kinship
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social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
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marriage
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a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing
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extended family
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a family composed of parents and children as well as other kin
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consanguine family
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Extended family is also known as....
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nuclear family
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family composed of one or 2 parents and their children
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conjugal family
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nuclear family is also known as...
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endogamy
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marriage between people of the same social category
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exogamy
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marriage between people of different social categories
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monogamy
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marriage that unites 2 partners
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polygamy
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marriage that unites a person with 2 or more spouses
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polyandry
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unites 1 woman and 2 or more men
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monogamous
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Most marriages have been ________
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patrilocality
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couples live with or near the husbands family
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matrilocality
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couples live near or with the wife's family
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neolocality
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which a married couple lives apart from both sets of parents
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descent
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the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
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patrilineal descent
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more common pattern, traces kinship through males, and property flows from fathers to sons
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matrilineal descent
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people define only the mother's side as kin and property passes from mothers to daughters
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matrilineal
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what descent is found in horticultural societies where women are the main food producers?
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bilateral descent
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children recognize people on both the father's side and the mother's side of the family as relatives
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Socialization
Regulation of sexual activity social placement material and emotional security |
Why the family is the backbone of society?
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incest taboo
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a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
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property and inheritance
patriarchy race and ethnicity |
How family perpetuates social inequality?
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arranged marriages
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alliances between 2 extended families of similiar social standing and usually involve an exchange not just of children but wealth and favors
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romantic love
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Our culture celebrates _______________ affection and sexual passion toward another person-as the basis of marriage
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homogamy
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Our society "arranges" marriages by encouraging ________________
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latchkey kids
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kids who fend for themselves
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3.3 million
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how many children are latchkey kids?
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4 out of 10
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How many marriages ended in divorce in 2005?
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-indivdualism is on the rise
-romantic love fades -women are less dependent on men -many of today's marriages are stressful -divorce is socially acceptable -a divorce is easier to get |
high divorce rate has many causes:
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young couples
unexpected pregnancy substance abuse problems people whose parents themselves are divorced people who are not religious |
Who is at risk for divorce?
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both partners have sucessful careers
people who have been divorced before |
Divorce is most common if...
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4 out of 5
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how many people divorce remarry?
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blended families
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remarriage often creates ______________ composed of children and some combination of biological parents and stepparents
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single parenthood; because it limits her ability to work and to futher her education
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what increases a woman's risk for poverty? why?
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cohabitation
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the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
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Sweden and other Scandinavian coutries
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where is cohabitation most common?
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Denmark
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what country became the first to legalize gay marriage?
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9 out of 10
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how many people in the US marry one point in their life?
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emile durkheim
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stated that religion involves "things that surpass the limits of our knowledge"
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profane
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as human beings we define most objects, events, and experiences as _______________
ocurring as an ordinary element of everyday life |
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sacred
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set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence
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religion
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social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred
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ritual
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The sacred is embodied in _______ or formal ceremonial behavior
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faith
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belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence
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Emile Durkheim
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said that "society has a life and power of its own beyond the life of any individual"
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totem
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an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred
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Durkheim
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Who identified 3 major functions of religion that contribute to the operation of society?
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social cohsion
social control providing meaning and purpose |
Durkheim identifed 3 major functions of religion:
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Peter Berger
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Said Placing our small brief lives within some "cosmic frame of reference" gives us the appearence of "ultimate security and permance"
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Whenever humans face uncertainty or life threatening situations
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When do most people turn to their sacred symbols?
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Karl Marxx
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who said "religion serves elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting peoples attention from social inequalities"?
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Max Weber
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Believed that particular religious ideas brought about the industralization of Western Europe, the rise of capitalism was encouraged by Calvinism
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liberation theology
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the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character
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church
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a type of religious organization that is well intergrated into the larger society
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state church
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church formally allied with the state
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denomination
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church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism
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sect
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a type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society
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charisma
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extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers
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cult
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a type of religious organization that is largely outside a cultural traditions
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animism
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the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity
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religiousity
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the importance of religion in a personal life
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secularization
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historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
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Robert Bellah
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Said that one dimension of secularization is civil religion
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civil religion
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a quasi religious loyalty binding individuals in a basically secular society
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fundamentalism
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a conservative relgious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldy accommodation in favor of restoring traditional otherworldly religion
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take the words of sacred texts literally
rejects religous pluralism pursue the personal experience of god's prescene oppose "secular humanism" endorse conservative political goasl |
Religious fundamentalism is distinctive in 5 ways:
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Episcopalians, Prebyterians, Jews
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Which denominations enjoy a higher standard of living?
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Baptists, lutherns, members of sects
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which denominations have a lower standard of living?
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spiritual seekers
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are apart of the "new age" movement, which pursues spiritual development outside conventional religious organizations
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