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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
sociological perspective
-look beyond the surface and study social context to understand
-must look at a wide array of evidence before accepting any 1 answer or explanation
-able to break free from personal circumstances and see things in a brighter view
how did sociology come about
-sociologists quarrel among themselves about how o go about studying human behavior and how research results might best be interpreted
-knowing why things happen
-attempts to understand ourselves relied onw ways of thinking passed down from generatoin to generation
-relatively recent development in 1700s and 1800s
-background to origins of sociology was the series of sweeping changes ushered in by the French Revolution of 1789 and the emergence of the industrial revolution
-shattering of traditional ways of life wrought by these changes resulted in the attepts of thinkers to develop a new understanding of both the social and natural worlds
-use of science instead of religion
sociological imagination
-developing a sociological perspective rquires looking beyond surface explanations
-use fo imagination--see social world in a new light
-individual events reflect larger social processes
theoretical research
-constructing abstract interpretations that can be used to explain a wide variety of situations
-can be tested by factual research
-why things occur
factual research
-shows how things occur
-collecting facts
karl marx theory of social change
-it is not the ideas or values human beings hold that are the main sources of social change.
-it is prompted primarily by economic influences. the conflicts between classes provide the motivation for historical development.
-most important changes were bound up with the evelopment of captitalism
-the future capitalism will be supplanted by a society in which there are on classes
behavior that emile durkheim studied
-to establish sociology on a scientific basis
-must study social facts, aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals
-societies of which we are members exert social constrataint over our actions
-changes of our society at that time
-society has an influence on suicide behaviors...anomie, a feeling of aimlessness or despair
-role of religion in social life
micro sociology
the study of everyday behavior in situations of face to face interaction
macro sociology
analysis of large-scale social systems, like the political system or the economic order
how are macro and micro working together in research
macro analysis helps us understand the institutional background of daily life
-micro helps us illuminate broad institutional patterns
weber said capitalism was rooted in this
cultural ideas and values. not only economic changes.
why did weber argue his view of capitalism
he studied religions of china, india, andthe near east and he concluded that certain aspects of christian beliefs strongly influenced the rise of capitalism.
how is love a socially constructed concept
-the way we view love is based on societal differences
-this is reinforced through social roles and structures
-love and marriage vary on thier views of why we should marry.
steps in the research process
1. define the problem-select topic
2. review the literature-familiraize yourself with the existing research
3. formulate a hypothesis-what do you intend to test. what are the relationships between variables
4. select the research design-choose one or more research methods
5. carry out the research-collect data and record information
6. interpret your results-work out implications of data
7. report the research findings-significance. relationship to previous findigns
sample
small proportion of the overall group
population
generally the whole population
different types of samples
representative (typical of the poopulation as a whole)
random (every member of the population has the same probablility of being included)
ethical problems with standford prison experiment
-whether the research poses risk to the subjects that are greater than the risks they face in their everyday lives
-in stanford prison experiment, the prisoners and guards were at risk for changing
-could be mediated by securing informed consent from their research subjects
-statistics are manipulated by researchers and others
-used to stir up public outrage or fear
-can distort our understanding of the world
-can lead us to make poor policy choices
-people simply accept statistics
-american children gunned down has doubled every year
-copy bad statistics
causation
the causal influence of one factor or variable on another. cause and effect relationships exist whenever a particualr event or state of affairs is produced by the existence of another. in sociology, the reasons individuals give for what they do, as well as external influences on their behavior
correlation
the regular relationship between two variables often expressed in statistical terms. may be positive or negative. positive when two variables exists when a high rank on one variable is associated with a high rank on the other. negative is when a high rank on one variable is associated with a low rank on the other
culture
the values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group. like the concept of society, the notion of this is widely used in sociology
cultural norms in the u.s.
individual acheivement. equality of opportunity. cheating. religion. marriage of love. smoking. sex values. smile. shaiking hands.
values
ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad. strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live.
values and norms transmitted through culture
-technology
social change
alteration in basic structures of a social group or society. an ever present phenomenon in social life but has become especially intense in modern world. attempts to understand the dramatic changes shattering the traditional world and promoting new forms of social order
globalization
development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide. influnced by organizations and social networks located thousands of miles away. key part is the emergence of a world system we need to regard the world as forming a single social order.
-television
-host of international organizations
-electronic communications
nature
human thinking and behavior are the result of bioloyg and evolution. innate characteristics.
nurture
social intera\ctions and environmen
3 examples from queer customs that u.s. has trouble accepting
-plural wives
-nose plugs in egypt considered beautiful
-arranged marriage
-social environment impacts our biological functions
we all have language, forms of emotional expression, rules, standards of beauty. but there is variety in how these common characteristics play themselves out.
-environment impacts biology
socialization
the social processes through which children develop an awareness of soical norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self. although socialization processes are particularly significant in infancy and childhood, they continue to some degree throughout life. no individuals are immune from the reactions of others around them, which influence and modify their behavior at all phases of the life course.
agents of socialization
groups or social contexts in which significant processes of socialization occur. family. schools. peer groups. organizations. media. workplace.
how does this socialization occur
social interactions in these contexts help people learn the values, norms, and beliefs that make up the patterns of thier culture.
various factors that impact socialization
identity, social roles, gender
gender
-is more a combination of innate tendenceies and learned processes
sex
biological characterisitcs.the physical differences between the sexes. not always clear cut.
gender
social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex. not biological.
second shift
women's dual roles at work and at home.
male dominance in society
patriarchy
examples of patriarchy
-sports
-veiling in islamic religion
-maid in the usa
male dominance relates to why women are so often targets of violence
because the increased depiction of violence in popular cultrue contributes to a climate in which they are victimized.
men feel they ahve sexual entitlement to children
gender typing
women holding occupations of lower status and pay, such as secretarial and retial positions and men holding jobs of higher status and pay such as managerial and professional positiosns
gap still exists because whyh
men and women are concentrated in different areas. women intentionally choose jobs that are easy to move in and out of.
glass escalator
men who ork in female dominated professions get pushed to the top of corporate ladders
human capital theory
individuals make investments in their own human capital to increase their productivity and earnings.
arguments agains human capital theory
-women do not freely choose certain occupations
-neglects power differentials between men and women in the workplace and society
-womens work is devalued by society and by employers
how to make gender pay gap disappear
men and women received equal amounts of eduation and workplace training. took edqual responsibility for family commitments.
unequal treatment in the classroom
-dress code for girls.
-girls more passive.
-male students interact with teahcers more often than girls.
-boys more demanding than girls and therefore get more one on one time.
-teachers pose more problem solving things to boyus
-boys more often scolded