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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Social Stratification
the ranking of individuals or categories of people on basis of unequal access to scarce resources and social rewards
Caste Systems
Scarce rewards and resources are distributed on the basis of ascribed status
Class Systems
the distribution of scarce resources and rewards is determined on the basic of achieved status
Social Mobility
the movement between or within social classes
Vertical mobility
movement between social classes
Horizontal Mobility
movement within social classes
Intergenerational mobility
status differences between generations in the same family
Poverty
the standard of living that is below the minimum level that is considered decent and reasonable by society
Effects of Poverty
Life Chances, Health, Life Expectancy, Housing, Education, Patterns of Behavior, Divorce, Crime
Characteristics of Minority Groups
Identifiable physical or cultural characteristics, Victims of unequal treatment from the dominant group, Membership is ascribed, Strong bonds and loyalty among the group members, Usually practice endogamy
Patterns of Minority Group Treatment
Assimilation, Cultural Pluralism, Legal Protection, Population Transfer, Subjugation, Extermination
Assimilation
Blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common identity ("The Great American Melting Pot")
Cultural Pluralism
Allowing each group to keep its unique cultural identity
Legal Protection
Passing laws to protect the rights of minorities
Population Transfer
Transferring the minority population to a new territory (Japanese internment camps ~ WWII)
Subjugation
Maintaining of a group by force
Extermination
The intentional destruction of a targeted population (Holocaust)
Gender Roles
The specific behaviors and attitudes considered appropriate for men and women. Cultural not biological - Vary from society to society
"Graying of America"
With the improved scientific advances in health care, a decline in the birth rates, and the "Baby Boom Generation" begins to age, Americans are getting older and older.
Social Status Affect of Health Care
Cost and Access
Functions of the Family
Regulation of Sexual Activity, Reproduction, Socialization, Economic/Emotional Security
Trends in American Family Life
Delayed marriage, Delayed childbearing, Voluntary childlessness, Dual earner marriages, One-parent families, Remarriage/ Blended families
Conflict Perspective of Education
Education serves to limit the access of individuals and groups to power and social rewards.
Functionalist Perspective of Education
Education works to maintain the stability and smooth operation of society.
Functions of Religion
Social Cohesion, Social Control, Emotional Support
Social Cohesion
Strengthens the bonds of society
Social Control
Encourages conformity, Formal means of ridding yourself of guilt
Emotional Support
Support system during difficult times
Basic Elements of Religion
Rituals, Beliefs, Organized Structures
Rituals
Established patterns (births, baptism, weddings, worship)
Beliefs
Animism, Theism, Ethicalism
Animism
spirits influence life
Theism
belief in a God or Gods
Ethicalism
moral principles have sacred qualities
Organized Structures
Ecclesia, Denomination, Sects, Cult
Ecclesia
members by birth, do not tolerate religious differences (Islam)
Denomination
well established religious group w/ most of society as members (Baptist)
Sects
small religious groups split from a denomination (Assemblies of God)
Cult
founded on revelations of a person believed to have special knowledge (Branch Davidians)
Basic Norms of Science
Universalism, Organized Skepticism, Communalism, Disinterestedness, Seek the truth, not personal gain
Universalism
Judge research based on quality w/out bias
Organized Skepticism
No theory immune to questions
Communalism
All knowledge available to everyone
Seven Characteristics of Sports
Secularization, Equality, Specialization, Rationalization, Bureaucratization, Quantification, Quest of Records
Secularization
caters to the general public, began in Greece by giving Athletes money
Equality
Sports based on achieved status not ascribed, Competition are open to everyone and everyone must follow the same rules
Specialization
Concentrate on one sport and even one position in that sport, you will better reach your potential if you focus on one goal
Rationalization
Every feature of human behavior subject to calculation and measurement
Bureaucratization
Formal organization that established rules, settles disputes, organizes events (TSSAA)
Quantification
Looks at where athletes stand in position to other athletes
Quest for Records
Winning is most important, Many athletes are willing to break the rules in order to get ahead, (Steroid use is a major issue for Athletes today)
Collectivities
Crowds, Mobs/Riots, Panics, Mass Hysteria, Fashions/Fads, Rumors and Urban Legends, Public Opinion, and Propaganda
Crowds
Temporary collection of people close enough to interact
Mobs/Riots
Most violent form of an acting crowd
Panics
Spontaneous/ uncoordinated group action to escape some perceived threat
Mass Hysteria
Unfounded anxiety shared by people who are scattered over a wide geographic area (Salem Witch Trials)
Fashion/Fads
Enthusiastic attachment among large numbers of people for particular styles, Most prominent among young people
Rumors
Unverified piece of information that spreads rapidly
Urban Legend
stories are untrue but people believe them to some degree, Usually teach a moral lesson
Public Opinion
Thoughts and ideas of the general population
Propaganda
an organized and deliberate attempt to shape public opinion
Types of propaganda
Testimonial, Bandwagon, Name Calling, Plain Folks appeal, Glittering Generalities, Card Stacking
Life Cycle of a Social Movement
Agitation --> Legitimation --> Bureaucratization --> Institutionalization
Agitation
Stirring up awareness
Legitimation
Making movement respectable/ mainstream
Bureaucratization
Authority structure with official policies
Institutionalization
Established part of society
Urban Anomie Theory
The city is anonymous and unfriendly. It is a place that carries negative consequences for those who live there.
Compositional Theory
The composition of a city's population influences life in the city.
Subcultural Theory
City life encourages primary group formations and makes it possible for people with similar interests to find one another.
Positive consequences of modernization
Increases in standard of living, Longer life expectancies, Lower birth rates, Higher literacy rates, Decrease in economic and social inequality, More personal comforts
Negative consequences of modernization
Family and religion lose some of its traditional authority, Government becomes more active in directing people's lives, Moral and ethical issues (Stem cell research), Environmental issues