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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Stratification
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the ranking of individuals or categories of people on basis of unequal access to scarce resources and social rewards
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Caste Systems
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Scarce rewards and resources are distributed on the basis of ascribed status
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Class Systems
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the distribution of scarce resources and rewards is determined on the basic of achieved status
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Social Mobility
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the movement between or within social classes
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Vertical mobility
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movement between social classes
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Horizontal Mobility
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movement within social classes
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Intergenerational mobility
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status differences between generations in the same family
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Poverty
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the standard of living that is below the minimum level that is considered decent and reasonable by society
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Effects of Poverty
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Life Chances, Health, Life Expectancy, Housing, Education, Patterns of Behavior, Divorce, Crime
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Characteristics of Minority Groups
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Identifiable physical or cultural characteristics, Victims of unequal treatment from the dominant group, Membership is ascribed, Strong bonds and loyalty among the group members, Usually practice endogamy
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Patterns of Minority Group Treatment
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Assimilation, Cultural Pluralism, Legal Protection, Population Transfer, Subjugation, Extermination
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Assimilation
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Blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common identity ("The Great American Melting Pot")
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Cultural Pluralism
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Allowing each group to keep its unique cultural identity
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Legal Protection
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Passing laws to protect the rights of minorities
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Population Transfer
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Transferring the minority population to a new territory (Japanese internment camps ~ WWII)
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Subjugation
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Maintaining of a group by force
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Extermination
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The intentional destruction of a targeted population (Holocaust)
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Gender Roles
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The specific behaviors and attitudes considered appropriate for men and women. Cultural not biological - Vary from society to society
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"Graying of America"
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With the improved scientific advances in health care, a decline in the birth rates, and the "Baby Boom Generation" begins to age, Americans are getting older and older.
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Social Status Affect of Health Care
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Cost and Access
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Functions of the Family
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Regulation of Sexual Activity, Reproduction, Socialization, Economic/Emotional Security
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Trends in American Family Life
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Delayed marriage, Delayed childbearing, Voluntary childlessness, Dual earner marriages, One-parent families, Remarriage/ Blended families
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Conflict Perspective of Education
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Education serves to limit the access of individuals and groups to power and social rewards.
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Functionalist Perspective of Education
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Education works to maintain the stability and smooth operation of society.
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Functions of Religion
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Social Cohesion, Social Control, Emotional Support
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Social Cohesion
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Strengthens the bonds of society
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Social Control
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Encourages conformity, Formal means of ridding yourself of guilt
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Emotional Support
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Support system during difficult times
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Basic Elements of Religion
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Rituals, Beliefs, Organized Structures
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Rituals
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Established patterns (births, baptism, weddings, worship)
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Beliefs
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Animism, Theism, Ethicalism
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Animism
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spirits influence life
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Theism
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belief in a God or Gods
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Ethicalism
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moral principles have sacred qualities
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Organized Structures
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Ecclesia, Denomination, Sects, Cult
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Ecclesia
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members by birth, do not tolerate religious differences (Islam)
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Denomination
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well established religious group w/ most of society as members (Baptist)
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Sects
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small religious groups split from a denomination (Assemblies of God)
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Cult
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founded on revelations of a person believed to have special knowledge (Branch Davidians)
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Basic Norms of Science
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Universalism, Organized Skepticism, Communalism, Disinterestedness, Seek the truth, not personal gain
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Universalism
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Judge research based on quality w/out bias
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Organized Skepticism
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No theory immune to questions
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Communalism
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All knowledge available to everyone
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Seven Characteristics of Sports
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Secularization, Equality, Specialization, Rationalization, Bureaucratization, Quantification, Quest of Records
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Secularization
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caters to the general public, began in Greece by giving Athletes money
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Equality
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Sports based on achieved status not ascribed, Competition are open to everyone and everyone must follow the same rules
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Specialization
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Concentrate on one sport and even one position in that sport, you will better reach your potential if you focus on one goal
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Rationalization
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Every feature of human behavior subject to calculation and measurement
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Bureaucratization
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Formal organization that established rules, settles disputes, organizes events (TSSAA)
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Quantification
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Looks at where athletes stand in position to other athletes
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Quest for Records
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Winning is most important, Many athletes are willing to break the rules in order to get ahead, (Steroid use is a major issue for Athletes today)
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Collectivities
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Crowds, Mobs/Riots, Panics, Mass Hysteria, Fashions/Fads, Rumors and Urban Legends, Public Opinion, and Propaganda
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Crowds
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Temporary collection of people close enough to interact
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Mobs/Riots
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Most violent form of an acting crowd
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Panics
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Spontaneous/ uncoordinated group action to escape some perceived threat
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Mass Hysteria
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Unfounded anxiety shared by people who are scattered over a wide geographic area (Salem Witch Trials)
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Fashion/Fads
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Enthusiastic attachment among large numbers of people for particular styles, Most prominent among young people
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Rumors
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Unverified piece of information that spreads rapidly
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Urban Legend
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stories are untrue but people believe them to some degree, Usually teach a moral lesson
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Public Opinion
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Thoughts and ideas of the general population
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Propaganda
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an organized and deliberate attempt to shape public opinion
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Types of propaganda
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Testimonial, Bandwagon, Name Calling, Plain Folks appeal, Glittering Generalities, Card Stacking
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Life Cycle of a Social Movement
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Agitation --> Legitimation --> Bureaucratization --> Institutionalization
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Agitation
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Stirring up awareness
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Legitimation
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Making movement respectable/ mainstream
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Bureaucratization
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Authority structure with official policies
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Institutionalization
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Established part of society
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Urban Anomie Theory
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The city is anonymous and unfriendly. It is a place that carries negative consequences for those who live there.
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Compositional Theory
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The composition of a city's population influences life in the city.
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Subcultural Theory
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City life encourages primary group formations and makes it possible for people with similar interests to find one another.
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Positive consequences of modernization
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Increases in standard of living, Longer life expectancies, Lower birth rates, Higher literacy rates, Decrease in economic and social inequality, More personal comforts
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Negative consequences of modernization
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Family and religion lose some of its traditional authority, Government becomes more active in directing people's lives, Moral and ethical issues (Stem cell research), Environmental issues
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