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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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doctrine of separate spheres
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work and home used to be connected; each revolution has pulled them apart; as they became separated, paid work became valued while woman's work became devalued
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motherhood gap
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women without children earn 90% of mens wages; married women with children earn 73%; single mothers earn about 60%; it is legal to discriminate against women with children and people in assistance programs in most states; mothers are half as likely to be hired as their childless counterparts
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importance of parental leave
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reduces infant mortality rates; improves learning outcomes; improves health outcomes for moms and babies; improves family relationships
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parental leave in the US
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only 1 in 7 American workers receive any paid parental leave; only 4 countries that don't offer it- Papua New Guinea, US, Lesotho, Swaziland; parents get up to 12 weeks unpaid leave
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Other things US lacks in support for families
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flexible work hours; supportive after school programs; affordable universal childcare and preschool
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Family (US census definition)
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people who are related by blood, marriage or adoption and living in the same location for more than half of the year; not very satisfying for most people
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nuclear family
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married spouses and their dependent children; marriage and parenthood relationships are central in societies organized around this type of family
ie- US |
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Extended Family
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Kin associated by a common ancestry; marriage role is more marginal and ancestral relationships (grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, etc) are more central
ie- Nayara caste of India |
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family of orientation
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family that you are born or adopted into
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family of procreation
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family that you create when you marry and leave your parents home
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patrilineal descent
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descent that is traced and property is passed through the line of the father
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matrilineal descent
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descent is traced and property is passed through the line of the mother
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bilineal
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both sides of a person's family are equally important; Americans tend to be this way- other than the passing of names
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patrilocal residence
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bride and groom live in the same household or community as the husband's family
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matrilocal residence
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bride and groom live in the same household or community as the wife's family
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neolocal residence
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bride and groom set up a new place of residence independent of their parents;
ie- US, very unusual and recent |
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wage gap
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women have made 78-81% of what men do (based on median annual earning); has narrowed since 1960; initially grew larger until 1975 and then declined; hasn't changed much in recent years; varies by occupations, area of country, and amount of education
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women's earning potential
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women with a professional degree make about 60% of what men make with the same degree; if a woman wants to make as much as a man with a high school diploma, she has to have a bachelors degree; the more hours a woman works a week, the greater the gap becomes; average college educated woman lost $500,000 over a lifetime; women will continue to lose- $700,00 for high school grad, 1.2 million for college grad, and 2 mill for professional school grad
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why is the wage gap so persistent?
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culture of silence on wages; bias in hiring/promotions/raises; women not socialized to negotiate raises or starting salaries; tracking of en and women into differently paid parts of the same occupational class; women typically aren't where the decision-making happens
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structural functionalist perspective of education
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what is the function of education?; it is a formalized system of transmitting knowledge, skills and values to the next generation; values being taught are just as important to a society as the skills; small societies can go without a formalized education system; important to give people a common set of understandings of our history, our position, and how the world works; without education, there wouldn't be this commonality; education is culture specific- prepares people to live in a specific culture
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Conflict theory perspective of education
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education serves the needs of the wealthy and works to maintain inequalities; schools for the rich provide students with cultural capital they use to get ahead; schools for rich emphasize creativity, networking, and independent thought, while schools for poor emphasize rote memorization, routine, and compliance; public education is primarily funded through property taxes in individual communities; areas with high property values receive a lot more money than areas with low property values
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cultural capital
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set of social norms that people can use to get favors or privileges
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social capital
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network of people you can tap into to find jobs, access resources, etc
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symbolic interactionist perspective of education
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pay careful attention to the process of education; what meanings are created in the classroom?- male or female, rich or poor, gifted; educational self-fulfilling prophecies; educational tracking in US
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educational self-fulfilling prophecies
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children who are labeled as troublemakers, remedial or unteachable are treated as problematic by teachers and administrators; they live down to those expectations by responding to how they are treated
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educational tracking in the US
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early in students careers, children take standardized tests that label them as remedial, average or gifted; they are placed into classes and programs that are supposed to address their needs; remedial students go into classes that go slower than average classes (not able to ever catch up), average students stay in average classes; gifted students are put into accelerated programs and given additional resources; hard for students to switch tracks since they were labeled early on
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Durkheim's view of religion
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a "social glue" that provides solidarity- reduces suicide
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Marx's view of religion
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an "opiate" that dulls the revolutionary will of the proletariat
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Weber's view of religion
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a social institution that shapes people's experiences
ie- Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism |
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Religion (Durkheim's definition)
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a way of structuring behavior around the "sacred" and the "profane"
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sacred
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those parts of social life that are set apart and forbidden/ special
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profane
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everyday, mundane parts of social life
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what do sociologists study about religion?
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don't have the tools to prove or disprove the "truth value" of religions; they study the impact religion has on society and the impact society has on religious groups; have to remember value-free sociology and cultural relativism
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value-free sociology
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try not to allow personal beliefs to affect research
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cultural relativism
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evaluating practices of a culture based on that culture's own values, as opposed to the values of one's own culture
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secularization thesis
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sociologists predicted that as societies became more complex, that religion would become a less and less important social structure; most industrialized societies have demonstrated this significantly- Europe; US has actually seen opposite effect tho and religion may be even more important
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simple supernaturalism
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belief in a "life-force" that exists in the world; people can manipulate the force through ritual to provide rain, bring good luck, etc
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animism
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belief in spirits that inhabit objects or things in nature; people use ritual to compel the spirits to do things, behave in certain ways, etc
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theism
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belief in gods who are powerful, interested in human affairs and merit worship; people entreat the gods to grant them favors through ritual and prayer
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monotheism
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belief in a single, all-powerful god
ie- Christianity, Judaism, Islam |
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polytheism
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belief in multiple gods
ie- Hinduism, ancient Greek religion |
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abstract ideals
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rather than belief in spirits or gods, abstract ideal religions promote pursuit of an idealized state of morality and excellence; focus is on an elevated consciousness or a release from worldly problems and pain
ie- Buddhism, Taoism, and Zen |
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western humanism
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focus is on betterment of the world around us, rather than a focus on the supernatural or afterlife
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